Nepal

Palak paneer or palak chhena is an Indian dish consisting of chhena or paneer in a thick paste made from puréed spinach, called palak in Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati, and other Indian languages. The terms palak chhena and saag chhena are sometimes used interchangeably in restaurants in the Anglosphere. However, saag chhena is different from traditional palak chhena in that it contains other green leafy vegetables, such as mustard greens, whereas palak paneer only contains spinach. Dhaba restaurants often specialize in palak chhena.

Stewed strips of pork with radish, onions, chili peppers

Boiled beans

Boiled and fried water buffalo offal, made with liver, kindey, intestines, spleen, pancreas

Pilaf , pilav or pilau ( UK: /ˈpiːlaʊ, piːˈlaʊ/) is a rice dish, or in some regions, a wheat dish, whose recipe usually involves cooking in stock or broth, adding spices, and other ingredients such as vegetables or meat,[note 1][note 2] and employing some technique for achieving cooked grains that do not adhere.[note 3][note 4] At the time of the Abbasid Caliphate, such methods of cooking rice at first spread through a vast territory from South Asia to Spain, and eventually to a wider world. The Spanish paella,[note 5] and the South Asian pilau or pulao,[note 6] and biryani,[note 7] evolved from such dishes.

Saag also spelled sag or saga, is a leafy vegetable dish from the Indian subcontinent. It is eaten with bread, such as roti or naan, or in some regions with rice. Saag can be made from mustard greens, collard greens, basella or finely chopped broccoli along with added spices and sometimes other ingredients, such as chhena. In India, it is common, especially in the state of Odisha, where it is eaten with pakhala. In the Shree Jagannath Temple of Puri, saag is one of the dishes offered to Jagannath as part of Mahaprasad. Saag is also common in West Bengal and other regions of North India, where the most common preparation is sarson ka saag , which may be eaten with makki ki roti, a yellow roti made with maize flour. Saag gosht or hariyali maans (spinach and mutton) is a common dish in the North Indian state of Punjab. In Pakistan, it is most commonly eaten in the Punjab province along with Makki ki roti, made from freshly ground corn flour, and fresh buffalo or cow butter or ghee. The word saag is derived from the Apabhraṃśa, Prakrit word 'sāgun' and Sanskrit word shaak (śāka) meaning leafy green vegetables.

Samay baji is an authentic traditional dish of the Newar community in Nepal. In recent years, it has become one of the main attractions of Nepalese cuisine. It is considered a typical dish of the Newar community and has been passed down through generations, remaining highly appreciated by the people. There are no specific seasons for serving Samay Baji, but it is most commonly served during auspicious occasions, family gatherings, and Newar festivals. It is eaten as a starter during every festival, religious activity, and puja, and is also served during Sharada (death anniversary rituals). Due to its simplicity, it is enjoyed throughout the year, as it is easy to make and can be stored for a long time. Samay Baji is also served during major festivals in Nepal, such as Indra Jatra, Dashain, and Tihar (including Laxmi Puja and Bhai Tika). This dish is served in almost all of the activities of the Newar community.

A samosa (listenⓘ) ( Persian: سمبوسه) from the Persian word sambosag (سنبوسگ) (meaning 'triangular pastry') is a fried South Asian and West Asian snack. It is a pastry with a savory filling, mostly vegetables, spiced potatoes, onions, and peas, but also meat or fish. It is made in different shapes, including triangular, cone, or crescent, depending on the region. Samosas are often accompanied by chutney, and have origins in medieval times or earlier. Sweet versions are also made. Samosas are a popular entrée, appetizer, or snack in the cuisines of India, South Asia, West Asia, Central Asia, Portugal, East Africa and their South Asian diasporas. The English word samosa derives from the Hindustani word samosa (Urdu: سموسہ, Hindi: समोसा), traceable to the Middle Persian word sanbosag (سنبوسگ) 'triangular pastry'. Similar pastries are called sambusak in Arabic from Persian; medieval Arabic recipe books sometimes spell it sambusaj, which are all borrowed from Persian sanbosag.

Sanyakhuna is a special type of jelly-like food prepared and consumed primarily by the Newars of Nepal. Buffalo stew is made with bones for extra flavor (taken out afterward) and gelatinous skin with meat attached is preferred. A good ratio of water (soup) is preferred. Spices are added. Some of the soup is taken out and juice of a local citric fruit (jhamsi in newari) which taste like lemon but with a flavor of mandarin is added for more flavor. Finally smoked dry freshwater fish is fried and added. It is cooled down to make a meat aspic jelly which is called sanyakhuna. Sanya means dried fish and khuna means broth.

Sekuwa is a traditional Nepalese dish consisting of meat that is marinated with a blend of spices and then grilled over an open flame or charcoal, giving it a smoky, rich flavor. The dish is an essential part of Nepalese cuisine and is typically made with meats such as goat, chicken, buffalo, or lamb, though variations may include pork or a mixture of meats. The meat is prepared by first being marinated in a mixture of spices, ginger-garlic paste, yogurt, lemon juice, mustard oil, and salt. It is then skewered and roasted over an open flame or charcoal, which imparts a unique smokiness and tenderness to the meat. Sekuwa is widely popular across Nepal, particularly in cities such as Kathmandu, Dharan, and Tarahara, and is considered a specialty in the Sunsari District of Koshi State in Eastern Nepal, where it is often served during festivals, celebrations, or social gatherings. In these areas, sekuwa is a common dish enjoyed with chiura , achar (spicy pickle), and a side salad of sliced onions, tomatoes, and cucumbers. It is also commonly paired with alcoholic beverages, especially raksi or wine. Although it is most commonly served as an appetizer or a main course, it is also enjoyed as a snack. The popularity of sekuwa has led to its inclusion in various local eateries, roadside stalls, and restaurants throughout Nepal, and it has become an iconic representation of Nepali cuisine.

Nettle leaves soup

Stir fried lamb, mutton or chicken with cumin, coriander, chili peppers, turmeric, garlic, ginger

Jellied water buffalo

Tandoori chicken is a dish made from chicken marinated in yogurt and spices and roasted in a tandoor, a cylindrical clay oven. The dish is now popular worldwide. The modern form of the dish was popularized by the Moti Mahal restaurant in New Delhi, India in the late 1940s. It is also popular in Pakistan. Chicken roasted in tandoor-like ovens is documented in the Harappan civilization of the Bronze Age of Indian subcontinent, as early as 3000 BC. Much later, the Sushruta Samhita records meat being cooked in an oven after being seasoned with black mustard (rai) powder and fragrant spices.

Tarkaris is a name given to a wide range of side vegetable dishes found commonly in the Indian subcontinent; notably in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan[citation needed] and Nepal. Preparation methods for tarkaris range from simple to complex. Some of these dishes are also sometimes called curries and are made from vegetables that are popular in large parts of the Indian subcontinent, Mauritius, Fiji, South Africa, and the Caribbean.

Thenthuk or hand-pulled noodle soup (thukpa), is a very common noodle soup in Tibetan cuisine, especially in Amdo, Tibet where it is served as dinner and sometimes lunch. The main ingredients are wheat flour dough, mixed vegetables and some pieces of mutton or yak meat. Vegetable thenthuk is a common modern-day option too. Making the soup consists of mixing the flour, kneading the dough, chopping the vegetables and meat and boiling the soup. The cook starts working with the dough when everything boiling in the soup is well cooked. They shape the dough, flatten it, pull it and cut it off, right into the boiling soup. As soon as this is finished, the noodle soup is ready to cool down and be served.

Thukpa ˀ˥˥.pə˥˥/ ) is a Tibetan noodle soup, which originated in the eastern part of Tibet. Amdo thukpa, especially thenthuk, is a variant among the Indians, especially Ladakhis and the Sikkimese. Thukpa can be prepared in both vegetarian and non-vegetarian variations; the most popular non-vegetarian variation includes chicken. Varieties of thukpa include: Thukpa has been described as a "generic Tibetan word for any soup or stew combined with noodles".

Potato chunks cooked with onion, chili peppers and sesame seeds

South Asian pickle is a pickled food made from a variety of vegetables, meats and fruits preserved in brine, vinegar, edible oils, and various South Asian spices. The pickles are popular across South Asia, with many regional variants, natively known as lonache, avalehikā, uppinakaayi, khatai, pachadi or noncha, achaar , athāṇu or athāṇo or athāna, khaṭāī or khaṭāin, sandhan or sendhan or sāṇdhāṇo, kasundi, or urugaai. Terms used for pickles in South Asia vary regionally. They are known as ūrugāi in Tamil, pachchadi, avakaya, achaar, tokku, or ūragāya in Telugu, uppinakaayi in Kannada, uppillittuthu in Malayalam, loncha in Marathi, lonchem in Konkani, athāṇu in Gujarati, athāṇo in Rajasthani and Braj, sendhān or sandhān in Awadhi, Bagheli and Bhojpuri,khaṭāiṇ or sāndhaṇo in Sindhi, kasundi in Bangla and Odia. In Hindi, native words for pickle which are rooted in Sanskrit include athāna, noncha, sendhān, and khaṭaī. Another term, achaar, is also used in Hindi, Nepali, Urdu, and Bengali. Early Sanskrit and Tamil literature uses the terms Avalehika, Upadamzam, Sandhita, and Avaleha for pickles. In Hindustani, an additional word, āchār (अचार or आचार), is used for pickles, along with other native Hindi words. Āchār is a loanword of Persian origin, entered popular use as the Hindustani term for pickles under Islamic rule. However, pickles in India are totally different from vinegar-based pickles in the Middle East. In Persian, the word āchār is defined as "powdered or salted meats, pickles, or fruits, preserved in salt, vinegar, honey, or syrup".

Potatoes, boiled and cubed, mixed with lemon juice, herbs and spices

Aloo paratha is a paratha (flat bread dish) stuffed with potato filling native to the Indian subcontinent. It is traditionally eaten for breakfast. It is made using unleavened dough rolled with a mixture of mashed potato and spices (amchur, garam masala) which is cooked on a hot tawa with butter or ghee. Aloo paratha is usually served with butter, chutney, curd, or Indian pickles.

Aloo paratha is a paratha (flat bread dish) stuffed with potato filling native to the Indian subcontinent. It is traditionally eaten for breakfast. It is made using unleavened dough rolled with a mixture of mashed potato and spices (amchur, garam masala) which is cooked on a hot tawa with butter or ghee. Aloo paratha is usually served with butter, chutney, curd, or Indian pickles.

Phyllanthus emblica, also known as emblic, emblic myrobalan, myrobalan, Indian gooseberry, Malacca tree, amloki or amla, is a deciduous tree of the family Phyllanthaceae. Its native range is tropical and southern Asia. The tree is small to medium in size, reaching 1–8 metres in height. The bark is mottled. The branchlets are finely pubescent (not glabrous), 10–20 centimetres (4–8 inches) long, usually deciduous. The leaves are simple, subsessile and closely set along branchlets, light green, resembling pinnate leaves. The flowers are greenish–yellow. The fruit is nearly spherical, light greenish–yellow, quite smooth and hard on appearance, with six vertical stripes or furrows. The fruit is up to 26 millimetres (1 in) in diameter, and, while the fruit of wild plants weigh approximately 5.5 grams (0.2 ounces), cultivated fruits average 28.4 g (1 oz) to 56 g (2 oz).

Amchoor or aamchur or amchur, also referred to as mango powder, is a fruity spice powder made from dried unripe green mangoes. A citrusy seasoning, it is mostly produced in India. In addition to its use as a seasoning it adds the nutritional benefits of mangoes when the fresh fruit is out of season. To make amchoor, early-season mangoes are harvested while still green and unripe. Once harvested, the green mangoes are peeled, thinly sliced, and sun-dried. The dried slices, which are light brown and resemble strips of woody bark, can be purchased whole and ground by the individual at home, but the majority of the slices processed in this way are ground into fine powder and sold as ready-made amchoor. It has a honey-like fragrance and a sour fruity flavour and is a tart pale-beige-to-brownish powder. It is used in dishes where acidity is required, in stir fried vegetable dishes, soups, curries, and to tenderize meat and poultry. It is used to add a fruit flavour without adding moisture, or as a souring agent, and lends an acidic taste to the foods.

Vada, vadai, wada, bara, or bora is a category of savoury fried snacks native to India. Vadas can be described variously as fritters, cutlets, or dumplings. Vadas are sometimes stuffed with vegetables and traditionally served with chutneys and sambar. In North India and Pakistan, Bhalla is a similar food. It is sold in chaat shops and kiosks; Green bean paste is added with spices, which is then deep fried to make croquets. They are then garnished with dahi , Saunth chutney (dried ginger and tamarind sauce) and spices. Bhalla is usually served cold, unlike the Aloo Tikki.

Bhurta, vorta, bhorta, bharta or chokha is a lightly fried mixture of mashed vegetables in the cuisine of the Indian subcontinent. Some variations of this dish are baingan bhurta and aloo bhurta.

Soybean salad, made with garlic, ginger, chili peppers, lime juice, tomatoes, onion

Bhatura (Hindi: भटूरा, Punjabi: ਭਟੂਰਾ) is a fluffy deep-fried leavened sourdough bread originating from the Indian subcontinent. It is commonly served as a midday meal or a breakfast dish in northern and eastern India. Paired with chickpea curry (called chole or channe), it forms a traditional dish called chole bhature. Bhatura resembles puri but is made with leavened dough.

The soybean, soy bean, or soya bean is a species of legume native to East Asia, widely grown for its edible bean, which has numerous uses. Traditional unfermented food uses of soybeans include soy milk, from which tofu and tofu skin are made. Fermented soy foods include soy sauce, fermented bean paste, nattō, and tempeh. Fat-free (defatted) soybean meal is a significant and cheap source of protein for animal feeds and many packaged meals. For example, soybean products, such as textured vegetable protein (TVP), are ingredients in many meat and dairy substitutes.

Chaat, or chāt (lit. 'lick, tasting, delicacy') is a family of savoury snacks that originated in India, typically served as an hors d'oeuvre or at roadside tracks from stalls or food carts across South Asia in India, Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh. With its origins in Uttar Pradesh, India, chaat has become immensely popular in the rest of South Asia. The word derives from Hindi cāṭ चाट (tasting, a delicacy), from cāṭnā चाटना (to lick, as in licking one's fingers while eating), from Prakrit caṭṭei चट्टेइ (to devour with relish, eat noisily).

Chapati , also known as roti, rooti, rotee, rotli, rotta, safati, shabaati, phulka, chapo (in East Africa), sada roti (in the Caribbean), poli (in Marathi), and roshi (in the Maldives), is an unleavened flatbread originating from the Indian subcontinent and is a staple in India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Kyrgyzstan, Sri Lanka, the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa, and the Caribbean. Chapatis are made of whole-wheat flour known as atta, mixed into dough with water, oil (optional), and salt (optional) in a mixing utensil called a parat, and are cooked on a tava (flat skillet). It is a common staple in the Indian subcontinent as well as amongst expatriates from the Indian subcontinent throughout the world. Chapatis were also introduced to other parts of the world by immigrants from the Indian subcontinent, particularly by Indian merchants to Central Asia, Southeast Asia, East Africa, and the Caribbean.

Chatānmari is a Nepalese rice crepe, which is a part of Newa cuisine of the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal. It is generally eaten during festivals and other special occasions.

Snack mixture of puffed rice, chickpeas, hot chilies, peanuts, spices, cilantro, tomatoes, onions, cucumbers

Chhurpi , otherwise known as durkha and chogo/chugo, is a traditional cheese consumed in Nepal, Bhutan and parts of Northeastern India. The two varieties of chhurpi are a soft variety (consumed usually as a side dish with rice) and a very hard variety. Chhurpi is considered one of the hardest cheeses in the world. Chhurpi is prepared in a local dairy or at home from buttermilk. The buttermilk is boiled and the solid mass that is obtained is separated from the liquid and wrapped and hung in a thin cloth to drain out the water. The product is rather like the Italian ricotta, which also is made from whey. It is soft, white, and neutral in taste. However, it is often left to ferment a bit to acquire a tangy taste. To prepare the hard variety, the soft chhurpi is wrapped in a jute bag and pressed hard to get rid of the water. After it dries, it is cut into small cuboidal pieces and hung over fire to harden it further.[citation needed]

Choila, sometimes Chhwela or Chhoyela is a typical Newari dish that consists of spiced grilled buffalo meat. Though the dish is traditionally popular with water buffalo meat, nowadays mutton, chicken, duck meat and mushroom are also being used. Usually eaten with rice flakes (chiura), this dish is typically very spicy. It is considered a necessary part of the diet in festivals among the Newar community along with several other ingredients. It is also an important ingredient of Samay Baji.

A chutney is a spread typically associated with cuisines of the Indian subcontinent. Chutneys are made in a wide variety of forms, such as a tomato relish, a ground peanut garnish, yogurt, or curd, cucumber, spicy coconut, spicy onion, or mint dipping sauce. The word chutney derives from Hindi चटनी chaṭnī, deriving from चाटना chāṭnā 'to lick' or 'to eat with appetite'. In India, chutney refers to fresh and pickled preparations indiscriminately; however, several Indian languages use the word for fresh preparations only.[citation needed]

Fried lentil dumplings, commonly served in yogurt curry with potatoes (dahi bara aloo dum (dahibara aloodum, dahi vada with dum aloo)

In Indian cuisine, dal , parippu, pappu, or paruppu are dried, split pulses (e.g., lentils, peas, and beans) that do not require soaking before cooking. India is the largest producer of pulses in the world. The term is also used for various soups prepared from these pulses. These pulses are among the most important staple foods in South Asian countries, and form an important part of the cuisines of the Indian subcontinent. The word dāl (dal) derives from the Sanskrit verbal root dal- "to split", which is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *delh₁- "to split, divide".

A table and cooking condiment available as: (1) English mustard powder, made from yellow mustard, turmeric and wheat flour, and (2)Prepared English mustard, made with mustard powder and water

Flower of Rajya is a firm yak's-milk cheese made in Nepal by Tibetan nomads in collaboration with the Trace Foundation. Milk is heated and ripened in big copper vats, curdled, drained and molded into 10–12 lb wheels. The cheese is dry-cured in Tibetan red salt, aged, then wrapped in scarves and packed in bamboo baskets.

Puffed rice

Gundruk is a dish made of fermented leafy green vegetables (saag; Nepali: साग), originating in Nepal. It is also popular in Sikkim and other regions of India, as well as in Bhutan and Myanmar. Annual production of gundruk in Nepal is estimated at 2,000 tons, most of it at the household level. Gundruk is served as a side dish or as an appetizer. It is an important source of minerals, particularly during the off-season, when local diets mostly consist of starchy tubers and maize, which tend to be low in minerals.

Gwaramari is a Newa cuisine which literally means round bread- “Gwara” meaning round and “mari” meaning traditional bread. The food is popular in Kathmandu area. It is eaten in breakfast usually served with a milk tea. Gwaramari is prepared by mixing flour with baking powder, spices, and water to make a dough which is deep-fried in chunks.

Kachori is a deep-fried, spicy, stuffed pastry originating from the Marwar region of Rajasthan, India. It is made of maida filled with a stuffing of baked mixture of moong dal or onions (usually, depends on the variation), besan, coriander, red chili powder, salt, and other Indian spices and deep-fried in vegetable oil until crispy golden brown. It is served hot with sweet and spicy tamarind chutney or occasionally with mint and green chilli chutney. Originating in India, kachoris have become popular throughout South Asia, each region adding its own local variations.

Morus, a genus of flowering plants in the family Moraceae, consists of 19 species of deciduous trees commonly known as mulberries, growing wild and under cultivation in many temperate world regions. Generally, the genus has 64 subordinate taxa, though the three most common are referred to as white, red, and black, originating from the color of their dormant buds and not necessarily the fruit color , with numerous cultivars and some taxa currently unchecked and awaiting taxonomic scrutiny. M. alba is native to South Asia, but is widely distributed across Europe, Southern Africa, South America, and North America. M. alba is also the species most preferred by the silkworm, and is regarded as an invasive species in Brazil and the United States. The closely related genus Broussonetia is also commonly known as mulberry, notably the paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera).

Cucumber pickle, made with bhadaure kankro cucumbers (भदौरे काँक्रो)

Khapse , Khapsey or colloquially known as amjok (from Tibetan ཨམ་བྱོག་ (Ear)) is a deep-fried Tibetan biscuit that is traditionally prepared during the Tibetan New Year or Losar. The dough for the khapse is usually made with flour, eggs, butter and sugar and is then shaped into different shapes and sizes. Some are sprinkled with powdered sugar, while other shapes, such as the donkey ear-shaped khapseys, are decorative.

Khoa, khoya, khowa or mawa is a dairy food widely used in the cuisines of the Indian subcontinent, encompassing India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Punjab, and Pakistan. It is made of either dried whole milk or milk thickened by heating in an open iron pan. It is lower in moisture than typical fresh cheeses such as ricotta. It is made up of whole milk instead of whey. A concentration of milk to one-fifth volume is normal in the production of khoa. Khoa is used as the base for a wide variety of Indian sweets. About 600,000 metric tons are produced annually in India. Khoa is made from both cow and water buffalo milk. Khoa is made by simmering full-fat milk in a large, shallow iron pan for several hours over a medium fire. The gradual evaporation of its water content leaves only the milk solids. The ideal temperature to avoid scorching is about 80 °C . Another quick way of making khoa is to add full-fat milk powder to skimmed milk and mixing and heating it until it becomes thick. This may, however, not have the same characteristics as traditionally made khoa. Khoa is normally white or pale yellow. If prepared in the winter, it may be saved for use in the summer, and may acquire a green tinge and grainier texture from a harmless surface mould. This is called hariyali (green khoa) and is used in recipes where the khoa is thoroughly cooked, e.g., gulab jamun.[citation needed] With the advent of refrigeration, the production of hariyali is rare.

Milk solids, reduced and thickened milk, used as a filling in yomari and momos, in barfi

Fermented soybean food

Finger millet flatbread

Masaura or Masyaura is a fermented sun-dried vegetable balls made with a combination of various or single minced vegetables with black lentils. It originated in Nepal and is made by Nepali diaspora throughout the world. The choice of vegetables is mostly taro, yam, and colocasia leaf. As finding fresh vegetables was a hard all-around year in the earlier days, masyaura become an alternative nutritious food item when fresh vegetables weren't available. It is fried in oil and made into a curry. There is no exact or written proof, but local people believe the word itself derived from the word Maas (black lentils), given that maas is a key ingredient of masyaura preparation. There is no such history on when who invented or start making masyaura, but it is likely one of the traditional preserved food items of Nepal.

Fermented bamboo shoot pickle

Dipping sauces for momos, for example, red chilli chutney, spicy tomato chutney, white sauce, sour and tangy

Pickled radish

Paneer , is a fresh acid-set cheese, common in cuisine of South Asia, made from cow milk or buffalo milk. It is a non-aged, non-melting soft cheese made by curdling milk with a fruit- or vegetable-derived acid, such as lemon juice. Paneer was predominantly used in most north Indian dishes and is now commonly used throughout India due to its versatility as an ingredient in diverse dishes.

Panipuri or golgappa is a deep-fried breaded hollow spherical shell, about 1 inch in diameter, filled with a combination of potatoes, raw onions, chickpeas and spices. It is a common snack and street food in the Indian subcontinent. It is often flavoured with chili powder, chaat masala, herbs and many other spices. Panipuri has many regional names in the Indian subcontinent: Maharashtra and South India: panipuri; Haryana: pani-patashi; Madhya Pradesh: fulki; Uttar Pradesh: pani-ke-batashe/padake; Assam: phuska/puska; Gujarat: pakodi; Odisha: gup-chup; Delhi: golgappa/phuchka; Bengal: phuchka and Bihar: jalpooree/phuchka.

A papadam , also known as papad, is a snack that originated in the Indian subcontinent. Dough of black gram bean flour is either deep fried or cooked with dry heat (flipped over an open flame) until crunchy. Other flours made from lentils, chickpeas, rice, tapioca, millet or potato are also used. Papadam is typically served as an accompaniment to a meal in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka and the Caribbean or as an appetizer, often with a dip such as chutneys, or toppings such as chopped onions and chili peppers, or it may be used as an ingredient in curries. Papadam is a loanword from Tamil பப்படம் pappaṭam, and is likely derived from Sanskrit पर्पट parpaṭa, meaning a flattened disc described in early Jain and Buddhist literature. Papad is known by several names in the various languages of India, e.g. पापड़ pāpaṛ in Hindi; అప్పడం appaḍaṁ in Telugu; அப்பளம் appaḷam or பப்படம் pappaṭam in Tamil; ಹಪ್ಪಳ happaḷa in Kannada; පපඩම් papaḍam in Sinhala; പപ്പടം pappaṭam in Malayalam; पापड pāpaḍ in Marathi; ਪਾਪੜ pāpaṛ in Punjabi; પાપડ pāpaḍ in Gujarati; ପାମ୍ପଡ pāmpaḍa in Odia; and পাপড় pāpaḍ in Assamese.[citation needed]

Paratha is a flatbread native to the Indian subcontinent, with earliest reference mentioned in early medieval Sanskrit, India; prevalent throughout the modern-day countries of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Maldives, Afghanistan, Myanmar, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Mauritius, Fiji, Guyana, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago where wheat is the traditional staple. It is one of the most popular flatbreads in the Indian subcontinent and the Middle East. Paratha is an amalgamation of the words parat and atta, which literally means layers of cooked dough. Alternative spellings and names include parantha, parauntha, prontha, parontay, paronthi (Punjabi), porota (in Bengali), paratha (in Odia, Urdu, Hindi), palata ( pronounced [pəlàtà]; in Myanmar), porotha (in Assamese), forota (in Chittagonian and Sylheti), faravatha (in Bhojpuri), farata (in Mauritius and the Maldives), prata (in Southeast Asia), paratha, buss-up shut, oil roti (in the Anglophone Caribbean) and roti canai in Malaysia and Indonesia. The word paratha is derived from Sanskrit (S. पर, or परा+स्थः, or स्थितः). Recipes for various stuffed wheat puran polis (which Achaya (2003) describes as parathas) are mentioned in Manasollasa, a 12th-century Sanskrit encyclopedia compiled by Someshvara III, a Western Chalukya king, who ruled from present-day Karnataka, India. References to paratha have also been mentioned by Nijjar (1968), in his book Panjāb under the Sultāns, 1000–1526 AD when he writes that parathas were common with the nobility and aristocracy in the Punjab.

Phapar ko roti is a traditional Nepali pancake, which Nepalis typically consume with achar (pickles) of various kinds. A dough of buckwheat flour with a little rice flour and ingredients including chopped vegetables, egg white, milk, and water is poured on hot ghee on a flat pan and browned in both sides.

Fermented rice

A press cake or oil cake is the solid matter remaining after pressing something to extract the liquids. Their most common use is in animal feed. Some foods whose processing creates press cakes are olives for olive oil , peanuts for peanut oil, coconut flesh for coconut cream and milk (sapal), grapes for wine (pomace), apples for cider (pomace), mustard cake, and soybeans for soy milk (used to make tofu) (this is called soy pulp) or oil. Other common press cakes come from flax seed (linseed), cottonseed, and sunflower seeds. However, some specific kinds may be toxic, and are rather used as fertilizer; for example, cottonseed contains a toxic pigment, gossypol, that must be removed before processing. In Nepalese cuisine the oil cake of the Persian walnut is used for culinary purposes, and it is also applied to the forehead to treat headaches. In some regions it is used as boiler fuel as a means of reducing energy costs, for which it is quite suitable.

Puri, also poori, is a type of deep-fried bread, made from unleavened whole-wheat flour, originated from the Indian subcontinent. Puris are most commonly served as breakfast or snacks. It is also served at special or ceremonial functions as part of ceremonial rituals along with other vegetarian food offered in Hindu prayer as prasadam. When hosting guests it is common in some households to serve puri in place of roti, as a small gesture of formality. Puri is often eaten in place of roti on special holidays.

Raita is a side dish in Indian cuisine made of dahi together with raw or cooked vegetables, fruit, or in the case of boondi raita, with fried droplets of batter made from besan (chickpea flour, generally labeled as gram flour). The closest approximation in Western cuisine is a side dish or dip, or a cooked salad. It is often referred to as a condiment, but unlike common Western condiments such as pepper, mustard, and horseradish that make dishes more spicy, a dish of dahi or raita has a cooling effect to contrast with spicy curries and kebabs that are the main fare of some Asian cuisines. In Indian cuisine, some type of flatbread may be eaten together with raita, chutneys, and pickles.

Roti is a round flatbread originating from the Indian subcontinent. It is commonly consumed in many South Asian, Southeast Asian, Caribbean, and Southeast African countries. It is made from stoneground whole-wheat flour, traditionally known as gehu ka atta, combined into a dough with added water. Its defining characteristic is that it is unleavened. Naan from the Indian subcontinent, by contrast, is a yeast-leavened bread, as is kulcha. Like breads around the world, roti is a staple accompaniment to other foods.

Roti is a round flatbread originating from the Indian subcontinent. It is commonly consumed in many South Asian, Southeast Asian, Caribbean, and Southeast African countries. It is made from stoneground whole-wheat flour, traditionally known as gehu ka atta, combined into a dough with added water. Its defining characteristic is that it is unleavened. Naan from the Indian subcontinent, by contrast, is a yeast-leavened bread, as is kulcha. Like breads around the world, roti is a staple accompaniment to other foods.

Sapu Mhichā is a Nepalese dish of the Newa community, made up of buffalo leaf tripe stuffed with bone marrow. Sapu Mhichā is a special delicacy of the Newa cuisine of the Kathmandu Valley and is usually prepared during special occasions. The delicacy is one of the dishes served to honor a man when he goes to the home of his wife's parents for festival dinners. It is served after the main course and before dessert. Water buffalo leaf tripe is cut into small pieces and the layers separated to form bags. Diced bone marrow is stuffed into the bags. The opening is gathered and tied with a piece of thread to close it. The bags are then boiled and fried.

Satui or Sattu is a type of flour, mainly used in Nepal, India, Tibet and Pakistan. Satui is a type of flour made up of dry roasted and ground pulses and cereals. The dry powder is prepared in various ways as a principal or secondary ingredient of dishes. Satui is used in vegetarian cuisine as it can be a source of protein. In Bihar and Nepal, Satui is usually made from dry roasted chickpeas or maize. It is also common for people to mix Sattu of different pulses together to suit their appetite and taste. The Punjabi, Nepali, Urdu, Hindi and Bengali word Sattu is derived from the Sanskrit word Saktu meaning coarsely ground parched barley meal. References to Sattu (Saktu) can be found throughout Ayurvedic literature such as the Caraka-saṃhitā, Aṣṭāṅgahṛdayasaṃhitā and the Suśruta-saṃhitā.

Sel roti is a traditional Nepalese ring-shaped sweet fried dough made from rice flour. It is mostly prepared during Dashain and Tihar, widely celebrated Hindu festivals in Nepal as well as Darjeeling, Kalimpong and Sikkim regions in India. The dish is popular throughout Nepal. Sel roti is made from a batter of rice flour, water, sugar, ghee, and spices which is then deep-fried in cooking oil. Dinesh Raj Panta, a professor at Nepal Sanskrit University estimates this dish to be over 800 years old. According to Madhulika Dash, an Indian food columnist, the dish was made bland many years ago, without sugar and spices. Over the years with intermingling of various ethnicities of Nepal, the dish has reached in its modern form. Dash also estimates that sel roti may have been a modified form of Babari, a Nepalese rice pancake. Babari is made of the same batter but is cooked like a pancake on a shallow griddle while sel roti is ring shaped and deep fried on a karahi.

Shosha, also known as churul or churu, is a type of soft cheese in Tibetan cuisine. Tibetan cheese is a staple food and is often made from animals suited to the climate such as yak and goat. It is a pungent cheese compared with blue cheese. It is used to make beef dishes and churu cheese soup.

Sinki is a Nepali preserved fermented vegetable, similar to gundruk. Gundruk is prepared from leafy vegetables but sinki is prepared from radish tap roots. To make this generations-old indigenous dish, aged radish slivers are pressed into a hole lined with bamboo and straw, then coffined by a cover of vegetation, rocks, wood and, finally, mud. After a month of bacterial curing, the resulting preserved vegetable is dried in the sun and stored to last a few years or more. The process of making sinki starts by allowing the radishes to wilt for a few days. Then the leafy tops are cut off and the radish tap-root sections are shredded. If there is a large amount of radishes to process, rather than shredding by hand, a dhiki is usually used to break them up. If the sinki will be made into a pickle after fermentation, instead of shredding, the radish is just cut up. Meanwhile, a 2– to 3–foot (0.6– to 0.9-metre) hole is dug, and a small fire is built at the bottom just before the storage period begins to warm it up.

Nettles, nettle greens

Sukuti is a dried meat product of Nepalese origin, also consumed in the Himalayan regions of India and Tibet. It is usually made from buffalo, lamb, or goat meat. It is a staple dish of the Limbu people It is known as Sakhekya in the Limbu language. It was used as a source of protein and also to add variety to the diet during the winter seasons in the mountain areas. Today the food is generally available among mountain communities, and thus can be consumed and sold year-round. Sukuti is one of Nepal's many meat products; and can be consumed in many ways. During ritual animal sacrifice at Hindu temples, in the presence of his kin, the priest offers a buffalo before the shrine of the gods. The sacrificial buffalo is smeared with vermillion powder (abir) The blood sacrifice is given to the gods, and the head is raised in the sanctuary. The village will then process the buffalo, and as meat is a luxury in remote regions, no part of the animal will go to waste. Some meat is sent to be cooked for dinner that day, and the rest will be dried and processed later into dried strips. In Nepal, people did not always indulge in the meat before a well-off urban life with restaurants and stores. In the difficult winters, this lean dried meat came to the rescue during the supply of food. To produce sukuti, the meat of any animal or bird is cut into thin strips and the fat is carefully removed. The meat strips hang on the roof above a Chulho (wood fire smoke) to remove any moisture and to give it its distinct smokey flavor. The drying may also create an unpleasant smell, so the strips are often coated with spices such as salt, cumin, pepper, chilli powder and turmeric, sometimes ginger and garlic paste are also used before they are spread on a clean cloth to dry in the sun. This helps the meat to have an intense flavour and kept the insects at bay. Once all of the moisture is removed, and the meat is sufficiently dried, it is considered a finished product. It can also be rehydrated when it is cooked in gravy, however, it is usually consumed dry, or fried in oil.

Puffed chiura/baji (beaten rice), made by roasting chiura in sand

Fermented bamboo shoots, used in curries

Tingmo is a steamed bread in Tibetan cuisine. It is sometimes described as a steamed bun that is similar to Chinese flower rolls, with a soft and fluffy texture. It does not contain any kind of filling. A tingmo with some type of filling, like beef or chicken, is called a momo. Tingmo are often paired with vegetable dishes, meat dishes, dal dishes, and phing sha (a dish consisting of cellophane noodles, meat, and wood ear mushrooms). It is speculated that the name "tingmo" is a contraction of "tinga" ("cloud" in the Tibetan language) and "momo" ("dumpling" in the Tibetan language).