Afghanistan is a landlocked country in Central Asia, renowned for its rugged mountains, such as the Hindu Kush range, and its rich tapestry of history and culture. This nation has been a crossroads of civilizations, influencing and being influenced by the Silk Road, with a heritage that includes ancient Buddhist stupas, Islamic architecture, and a mosaic of ethnic groups like Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, and Uzbeks. Kabul, the capital, sits in a valley and has served as a melting pot of these diverse cultures. The country's history is marked by periods of invasion, occupation, and resistance, from Alexander the Great to the Soviet invasion, and more recently, the U.S. military intervention. Despite years of conflict, Afghanistan maintains a vibrant cultural scene with traditional music, poetry, and crafts, although it faces significant challenges including security, governance, and economic development, often shaped by its complex geopolitical context.