Dessert, Sweet

Æblekage

Apple pie

Dessert, Sweet

Æbleskiver

Æbleskiver (danish pronunciation: [ˈeːpləˌskiːwɐ], [singular: æbleskive]) are spherically-shaped danish snacks made from fried batter. the name literally means "apple slices" in danish, although apples are not usually an ingredient in present-day versions. the crust is similar in texture to european pancakes, but with a light and fluffy interior similar to a yorkshire pudding. the english language spelling is usually aebleskiver, ebleskiver or ebelskiver.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Angelica

Angelica is a genus of about 90 species of tall biennial and perennial herbs in the family apiaceae, native to temperate and subarctic regions of the northern hemisphere, reaching as far north as iceland, lapland, and greenland. they grow to 1–3 m (3 ft 3 in – 9 ft 10 in) tall, with large bipinnate leaves and large compound umbels of white or greenish-white flowers. found mainly in china, its main use was for medicine. it shows variations in fruit anatomy, leaf morphology, and subterranean structures. the genes are extremely polymorphic. some species can be found in purple moor and rush pastures.

Dessert, Sweet

Apple and crowberry crisp

Main

Arctic char

The arctic char or arctic charr (salvelinus alpinus) is a cold-water fish in the family salmonidae, native to alpine lakes and arctic and subarctic coastal waters. its distribution is circumpolar north. it spawns in freshwater and populations can be lacustrine, riverine, or anadromous, where they return from the ocean to their fresh water birth rivers to spawn. no other freshwater fish is found as far north; it is, for instance, the only fish species in lake hazen on ellesmere island in the canadian arctic. it is one of the rarest fish species in great britain and ireland, found mainly in deep, cold, glacial lakes, and is at risk from acidification. in other parts of its range, such as the nordic countries, it is much more common, and is fished extensively. in siberia, it is known as golets (russian: голец) and it has been introduced in lakes where it sometimes threatens less hardy endemic species, such as the small-mouth char and the long-finned char in elgygytgyn lake. the arctic char is closely related to both salmon and lake trout, and has many characteristics of both. the fish is highly variable in colour, depending on the time of year and the environmental conditions of the lake where it lives. the appearance of arctic char differs between populations. the dorsal side of the arctic char is dark in its colour while the ventral varies from red, yellow, and white.arctic char has a distinct size dimorphism, dwarf and giant. dwarf arctic char weigh between 0.2 and 2.3 kg (7 oz and 5 lb 1 oz) and average a length of 8 cm (3 in), while giant arctic char weigh between 2.3 and 4.5 kg (5 lb 1 oz and 9 lb 15 oz) and average 40 cm (16 in) in length. individual fish can weigh 9 kg (20 lb) or more with record-sized fish having been taken by anglers in northern canada, where it is known as iqaluk or tariungmiutaq in inuktitut. generally, whole market-sized fish are between 1 and 2.5 kg (2 lb 3 oz and 5 lb 8 oz). male and female arctic char are the same size.the flesh colour can range from a bright red to a pale pink.

Main

Arctic hare

The arctic hare (lepus arcticus) is a species of hare highly adapted to living in the arctic tundra and other icy biomes. the arctic hare survives with shortened ears and limbs, a small nose, fat that makes up close to 20% of its body, and a thick coat of fur. it usually digs holes in the ground or under the snow to keep warm and to sleep. arctic hares look like rabbits but have shorter ears, are taller when standing, and, unlike rabbits, can thrive in extreme cold. they can travel together with many other hares, sometimes huddling with dozens or more, but are usually found alone, sometimes taking more than one partner. the arctic hare can run up to 60 kilometres per hour (40 mph).

Main

Arctic seal

The arctic ringed seal (pusa hispida hispida) is a subspecies of ringed seals (pusa hispida). arctic ringed seals inhabit the arctic ocean, and are the most abundant and wide-ranging seal in the northern hemisphere. the ringed seal species is the smallest true seal, and gets its name from a distinctive patterning of light spots on dark grey colored fur. the ringed seal is commonly preyed upon by polar bears, arctic foxes, and killer whales. population estimates and survival rates are unknown, but average life expectancy is 15-28 years. ringed seals have long been a component of the diet of indigenous people of the arctic. arctic ringed seals have been listed as threatened on the endangered species act since 2012, and increasingly face loss of their habitat due to shrinking ice and snow cover.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Arfeq nikkui

Whale meat, broadly speaking, may include all cetaceans (whales, dolphins, porpoises) and all parts of the animal: muscle (meat), organs (offal), skin (muktuk), and fat (blubber). there is relatively little demand for whale meat, compared to farmed livestock. commercial whaling, which has faced opposition for decades, continues today in very few countries (mainly iceland, japan and norway), despite whale meat being eaten across western europe and colonial america previously. however, in areas where dolphin drive hunting and aboriginal whaling exist, marine mammals are eaten locally as part of a subsistence economy: the faroe islands, the circumpolar arctic (the inuit in canada and greenland, related peoples in alaska, the chukchi people of siberia), other indigenous peoples of the united states (including the makah people of the pacific northwest), st. vincent and the grenadines (mainly on the island of bequia), some of villages in indonesia and in certain south pacific islands. like horse meat, for some cultures whale meat is taboo, or a food of last resort, e.g. in times of war, whereas in others it is a delicacy and a culinary centrepiece. indigenous groups contend that whale meat represents their cultural survival. its consumption has been denounced by detractors on wildlife conservation, toxicity (especially mercury), and animal rights grounds. whale meat can be prepared in various ways, including salt-curing, which means that consumption is not necessarily restricted to coastal communities.

Main

Arfeq nikkui

Whale meat, broadly speaking, may include all cetaceans (whales, dolphins, porpoises) and all parts of the animal: muscle (meat), organs (offal), skin (muktuk), and fat (blubber). there is relatively little demand for whale meat, compared to farmed livestock. commercial whaling, which has faced opposition for decades, continues today in very few countries (mainly iceland, japan and norway), despite whale meat being eaten across western europe and colonial america previously. however, in areas where dolphin drive hunting and aboriginal whaling exist, marine mammals are eaten locally as part of a subsistence economy: the faroe islands, the circumpolar arctic (the inuit in canada and greenland, related peoples in alaska, the chukchi people of siberia), other indigenous peoples of the united states (including the makah people of the pacific northwest), st. vincent and the grenadines (mainly on the island of bequia), some of villages in indonesia and in certain south pacific islands. like horse meat, for some cultures whale meat is taboo, or a food of last resort, e.g. in times of war, whereas in others it is a delicacy and a culinary centrepiece. indigenous groups contend that whale meat represents their cultural survival. its consumption has been denounced by detractors on wildlife conservation, toxicity (especially mercury), and animal rights grounds. whale meat can be prepared in various ways, including salt-curing, which means that consumption is not necessarily restricted to coastal communities.

Main

Atlantic cod

The atlantic cod (gadus morhua) is a benthopelagic fish of the family gadidae, widely consumed by humans. it is also commercially known as cod or codling. dry cod may be prepared as unsalted stockfish, and as cured salt cod or clipfish.in the western atlantic ocean, cod has a distribution north of cape hatteras, north carolina, and around both coasts of greenland and the labrador sea; in the eastern atlantic, it is found from the bay of biscay north to the arctic ocean, including the baltic sea, the north sea, sea of the hebrides, areas around iceland and the barents sea. atlantic cod can live for up to 25 years and typically grow up to 100–140 cm, but individuals in excess of 180 cm and 50 kg have been caught. they will attain sexual maturity between ages two and eight with this varying between populations and has varied over time.colouring is brown or green, with spots on the dorsal side, shading to silver ventrally. a stripe along its lateral line (used to detect vibrations) is clearly visible. its habitat ranges from the coastal shoreline down to 300 m (1,000 ft) along the continental shelf. atlantic cod is one of the most heavily fished species. atlantic cod was fished for a thousand years by north european fishers who followed it across the north atlantic ocean to north america. it supported the us and canada fishing economy until 1992, when there was a ban on fishing cod. several cod stocks collapsed in the 1990s (decline of more than 95% of maximum historical biomass) and have failed to fully recover even with the cessation of fishing. this absence of the apex predator has led to a trophic cascade in many areas. many other cod stocks remain at risk. the atlantic cod is labelled vulnerable on the iucn red list of threatened species, per a 1996 assessment that the iucn notes needs updating. a 2013 assessment covering only europe shows the atlantic cod has rebounded in europe, and it has been relabelled least concern.

Main

Auk

An auk or alcid is a bird of the family alcidae in the order charadriiformes. the alcid family includes the murres, guillemots, auklets, puffins, and murrelets. the word "auk" is derived from icelandic álka, from old norse alka (auk), from proto-germanic *alkǭ (sea-bird, auk).apart from the extinct great auk, all auks can fly, and are excellent swimmers (appearing to "fly") and divers, but their walking appears clumsy. several species have different english names in europe and north america. the two species known as murres in north america are called guillemots in europe, and the species called little auk in europe is referred to as dovekie in north america.

Drink

Beer

Beer is one of the oldest and most widely consumed alcoholic drinks in the world, and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea. it is produced by the brewing and fermentation of starches, mainly derived from cereal grains—most commonly from malted barley, though wheat, maize (corn), rice, and oats are also used. during the brewing process, fermentation of the starch sugars in the wort produces ethanol and carbonation in the resulting beer. most modern beer is brewed with hops, which add bitterness and other flavours and act as a natural preservative and stabilizing agent. other flavouring agents such as gruit, herbs, or fruits may be included or used instead of hops. in commercial brewing, the natural carbonation effect is often removed during processing and replaced with forced carbonation.some of humanity's earliest known writings refer to the production and distribution of beer: the code of hammurabi included laws regulating beer and beer parlours, and "the hymn to ninkasi", a prayer to the mesopotamian goddess of beer, served as both a prayer and as a method of remembering the recipe for beer in a culture with few literate people.beer is distributed in bottles and cans and is also commonly available on draught, particularly in pubs and bars. the brewing industry is a global business, consisting of several dominant multinational companies and many thousands of smaller producers ranging from brewpubs to regional breweries. the strength of modern beer is usually around 4% to 6% alcohol by volume (abv), although it may vary between 0.5% and 20%, with some breweries creating examples of 40% abv and above.beer forms part of the culture of many nations and is associated with social traditions such as beer festivals, as well as a rich pub culture involving activities like pub crawling, pub quizzes and pub games. when beer is distilled, the resulting liquor is a form of whisky.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Berries

A berry is a small, pulpy, and often edible fruit. typically, berries are juicy, rounded, brightly colored, sweet, sour or tart, and do not have a stone or pit, although many pips or seeds may be present. common examples are strawberries, raspberries, blueberries, blackberries, red currants, white currants and blackcurrants. in britain, soft fruit is a horticultural term for such fruits.in common usage, the term "berry" differs from the scientific or botanical definition of a fruit produced from the ovary of a single flower in which the outer layer of the ovary wall develops into an edible fleshy portion (pericarp). the botanical definition includes many fruits that are not commonly known or referred to as berries, such as grapes, tomatoes, cucumbers, eggplants, bananas, and chili peppers. fruits commonly considered berries but excluded by the botanical definition include strawberries, raspberries, and blackberries, which are aggregate fruits and mulberries, which are multiple fruits. watermelons and pumpkins are giant berries that fall into the category "pepos". a plant bearing berries is said to be bacciferous or baccate. berries are eaten worldwide and often used in jams, preserves, cakes, or pies. some berries are commercially important. the berry industry varies from country to country as do types of berries cultivated or growing in the wild. some berries such as raspberries and strawberries have been bred for hundreds of years and are distinct from their wild counterparts, while other berries, such as lingonberries and cloudberries, grow almost exclusively in the wild. while many berries are edible, some are poisonous to humans, such as deadly nightshade and pokeweed. others, such as the white mulberry, red mulberry, and elderberry, are poisonous when unripe, but are edible when ripe.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Berry compote

Dessert, Sweet

Boller

A roll is a small, usually round or oblong individual loaf of bread served as a meal accompaniment (eaten plain or with butter). rolls can be served and eaten whole or are also commonly cut and filled – the result of doing so is considered a sandwich in american english and in britain.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Boller

A roll is a small, usually round or oblong individual loaf of bread served as a meal accompaniment (eaten plain or with butter). rolls can be served and eaten whole or are also commonly cut and filled – the result of doing so is considered a sandwich in american english and in britain.

Breakfast

Boller

A roll is a small, usually round or oblong individual loaf of bread served as a meal accompaniment (eaten plain or with butter). rolls can be served and eaten whole or are also commonly cut and filled – the result of doing so is considered a sandwich in american english and in britain.

Main

Boller i karry

Meatballs in curry

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Brunede kartofler

Browned potatoes, small boiled potatoes caramelized with sugar and butter, a common side dish during christmas

Dessert, Sweet

Brunkager

Spice cookies with almonds, pistachios and orange zest, common during christmas

Main

Capelin

The capelin or caplin (mallotus villosus) is a small forage fish of the smelt family found in the north atlantic, north pacific, and arctic oceans. in summer, it grazes on dense swarms of plankton at the edge of the ice shelf. larger capelin also eat a great deal of krill and other crustaceans. among others, whales, seals, atlantic cod, atlantic mackerel, squid, and seabirds prey on capelin, in particular during the spawning season while the capelin migrate south. capelin spawn on sand and gravel bottoms or sandy beaches at the age of two to six years. when spawning on beaches, capelin have an extremely high post-spawning mortality rate which, for males, is close to 100%. males reach 20 cm (8 in) in length, while females are up to 25.2 cm (10 in) long. they are olive-colored dorsally, shading to silver on sides. males have a translucent ridge on both sides of their bodies. the ventral aspects of the males iridesce reddish at the time of spawn.

Dessert, Sweet

Chokoladekage

Chocolate cake

Main

Eider

Eiders () are large seaducks in the genus somateria. the three extant species all breed in the cooler latitudes of the northern hemisphere.the down feathers of eider ducks, and some other ducks and geese, are used to fill pillows and quilts—they have given the name to the type of quilt known as an eiderdown. the call of the duck has been likened to sound of "surprised pantomime dames, or even the english comedian frankie howerd".

Dessert, Sweet

Fastelavnsbolle

Cream bun, sweet bun cut in half and filled with vanilla cream, whipped cream, topped with icing, jam or chocolate

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Fireweed

Chamaenerion angustifolium is a perennial herbaceous flowering plant in the willowherb family onagraceae. it is known in north america as fireweed, in some parts of canada as great willowherb, in britain and ireland as rosebay willowherb. in the united kingdom it is also known as bombweed, as a result of its rapid appearance on city bomb sites during the blitz of world war ii; the plant is also traditionally known as saint anthony's laurel.: 112  it is also known by the synonyms chamerion angustifolium and epilobium angustifolium. it is native throughout the temperate northern hemisphere, including large parts of the boreal forests.

Main

Fiskesuppe

Fish soup is a food made by combining fish or seafood with vegetables and stock, juice, water, or another liquid. hot soups are additionally characterized by boiling solid ingredients in liquids in a pot until the flavors are extracted, forming a broth. traditionally, soups are classified into two main groups: clear soups and thick soups. the established french classifications of clear soups are bouillon and consommé. thick soups are classified depending upon the type of thickening agent used: bisques are made from puréed shellfish or vegetables thickened with cream; cream soups may be thickened with béchamel sauce; and veloutés are thickened with eggs, butter, and cream. other ingredients commonly used to thicken soups and broths include rice, lentils, flour, and grains; many popular soups also include carrots and potatoes. fish soups are similar to fish stews, and in some cases there may not be a clear distinction between the two; however, fish soups generally have more liquid than stews.fish soups have been made since early times. some soups are served with large chunks of fish or vegetables left in the liquid, while a broth is a flavored liquid usually derived from simmering a food or vegetable for a period of time in a stock. bisques are heavy cream soups traditionally prepared with shellfish, but can be made with any type of seafood or puree of vegetables or fruits. cream soups are flavored broths thickened with a white sauce. although they may be consumed on their own, or with a meal, the canned, condensed form of cream soup is sometimes used as a quick sauce in a variety of meat and pasta convenience food dishes, such as casseroles. similar to a bisque, chowders are thick soups usually containing seafood and potatoes, milk and cream.

Main

Flæskesteg

Flæskesteg, ['flɛːskə.stɐ̯j] the danish version of roast pork, is considered to be one of denmark's principal national dishes. always prepared with crackling, it is also a favourite for the danish christmas dinner served as the evening meal on 24 december or christmas eve.

Dessert, Sweet

Flødebolle

Chocolate-covered marshmallow cream or meringue that sits on top of a small marzipan cookie

Main

Forsegle

Pinnipeds (pronounced ), commonly known as seals, are a widely distributed and diverse clade of carnivorous, fin-footed, semiaquatic, mostly marine mammals in the clade pinnipedia. they comprise the extant families odobenidae (whose only living member is the walrus), otariidae (the eared seals: sea lions and fur seals), and phocidae (the earless seals, or true seals). there are 34 extant species of pinnipeds, and more than 50 extinct species have been described from fossils. while seals were historically thought to have descended from two ancestral lines, molecular evidence supports them as a monophyletic lineage (descended from one ancestral line). pinnipeds belong to the order carnivora; their closest living relatives are musteloids (weasels, raccoons, skunks, and red pandas), having diverged about 50 million years ago. seals range in size from the 1 m (3 ft 3 in) and 45 kg (99 lb) baikal seal to the 5 m (16 ft) and 3,200 kg (7,100 lb) southern elephant seal male, which is also the largest member of the order carnivora. several species exhibit sexual dimorphism. they have streamlined bodies and four limbs that are modified into flippers. though not as fast in the water as dolphins, seals are more flexible and agile. otariids use their front limbs primarily to propel themselves through the water, while phocids and walruses use their hind limbs. otariids and walruses have hind limbs that can be pulled under the body and used as legs on land. by comparison, terrestrial locomotion by phocids is more cumbersome. otariids have visible external ears, while phocids and walruses lack these. pinnipeds have well-developed senses—their eyesight and hearing are adapted for both air and water, and they have an advanced tactile system in their whiskers or vibrissae. some species are well adapted for diving to great depths. they have a layer of fat, or blubber, under the skin to keep warm in the cold water, and, other than the walrus, all species are covered in fur. although pinnipeds are widespread, most species prefer the colder waters of the northern and southern hemispheres. they spend most of their lives in the water, but come ashore to mate, give birth, molt or escape from predators, such as sharks and orcas. seals mainly live in marine environments but can also be found in freshwater. they feed largely on fish and marine invertebrates; a few, such as the leopard seal, feed on large vertebrates, such as penguins and other seals. walruses are specialized for feeding on bottom-dwelling mollusks. male pinnipeds typically mate with more than one female (polygyny), although the degree of polygyny varies with the species. the males of land-breeding species tend to mate with a greater number of females than those of ice breeding species. male pinniped strategies for reproductive success vary between defending females, defending territories that attract females and performing ritual displays or lek mating. pups are typically born in the spring and summer months and females bear almost all the responsibility for raising them. mothers of some species fast and nurse their young for a relatively short period of time while others take foraging trips at sea between nursing bouts. walruses are known to nurse their young while at sea. seals produce a number of vocalizations, notably the barks of california sea lions, the gong-like calls of walruses and the complex songs of weddell seals. the meat, blubber and fur coats of pinnipeds have traditionally been used by indigenous peoples of the arctic. seals have been depicted in various cultures worldwide. they are commonly kept in captivity and are even sometimes trained to perform tricks and tasks. once relentlessly hunted by commercial industries for their products, seals and walruses are now protected by international law. the japanese sea lion and the caribbean monk seal have become extinct in the past century, while the mediterranean monk seal and hawaiian monk seal are ranked endangered by the international union for conservation of nature. besides hunting, pinnipeds also face threats from accidental trapping, marine pollution, and conflicts with local people.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Franskbrød

French bread

Drink

Gløgg

Glögg, gløgg or glögi (danish: gløgg, norwegian: gløgg, swedish: glögg, icelandic: glögg, faroese: gløgg, finnish: glögi, estonian: glögi) is a spiced, usually alcoholic, mulled wine or spirit. it is a traditional nordic drink during winter, especially around christmas.in the nordic countries, hot wine has been a common drink since at least the 16th century. the original form of glögg, a spiced liquor, was consumed by messengers and postmen who travelled on horseback or skis in cold weather. since the early 19th century, glögg has been a common winter drink, mixed and warmed with juice, syrup, and sometimes with a splash of harder spirits or punsch.glögg recipes vary widely; variations commonly start with white or sweet wine or spirits such as brandy or cognac. the production of glögg begins by boiling water and adding spices to it. after a few minutes of simmering, the mixture is sieved and fruit juice, wine or clear spirits are added. other versions begin by warming up the wine, alcohol, and sugar (not boiling it) and letting the spices steep in it overnight. the most common spices in glögg are cloves, cinnamon, cardamom and ginger. other common ingredients can include citrus peel from oranges or lemons, raisins, or almonds.glögg can also be made without alcohol by replacing the wine with fruit or berry juices. in shops ready-made glögg is usually based on grape juice, sometimes also blackcurrant juice, mixed fruit juice, apple juice or wine. there are also stronger, rum-based types of glögg. ready-made glögg from shops is warmed up before use, but if it is wine-based or high in alcohol content, it should not be heated to boiling point. it is common to add whole almonds or raisins to glögg while it is being warmed up or just before drinking.glögg came to finland from sweden. the finnish word glögi comes from the swedish word glögg, which in turn comes from the words glödgat vin or hot wine. at the end of the 19th century, glögg mixed with wine was drunk, but due to prohibition, consumption of glögg almost stopped completely. when prohibition was lifted in the 1930s glögg was advertised in fenno-swedish magazines, and in the 1950s and 60s, the drinking of glögg was a fenno-swedish tradition. at the end of the 1960s and beginning of the 1970s, glögg recipes began to also appear in finnish language magazines, after which glögg became a christmas tradition in the whole of finland.while mulled wine was long known and popular in estonia, swedish-style glögg spread into estonia only in the 1990s, after the country re-opened to outside influences following the dissolution of the soviet union. local commercial production of glögg started in 1995.

Drink

Greenlandic coffee

Coffee with grand marnier, kahlua, whiskey and whipped cream, contains alcohol

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Grønlandsk honning

Greenlandic honey

Main

Guillemot

Guillemot is the common name for several species of seabird in the alcidae or auk family (part of the order charadriiformes). in british use, the term comprises two genera: uria and cepphus. in north america the uria species are called murres and only the cepphus species are called "guillemots". this word of french origin derives from a form of the name william, cf. french: guillaume.the two living species of uria, together with the razorbill, dovekie, and the extinct great auk, make up the tribe alcini. they have distinctly white bellies, thicker and longer bills than cepphus, and form very dense colonies on cliffs during the reproductive season. guillemot eggs are large (around 11% of female weight), pyriform in shape, and colourful, making them attractive targets for egg collectors.the three living species of cepphus form a tribe of their own: cepphini. they are smaller than the uria species and have black bellies, rounder heads and bright red feet.

Dessert, Sweet

Gulerodskage

Carrot cake

Main

Gulls

Main

Halibut

Halibut is the common name for three flatfish in the genera hippoglossus and reinhardtius from the family of right-eye flounders and, in some regions, and less commonly, other species of large flatfish. the word is derived from haly (holy) and butte (flat fish), for its popularity on catholic holy days. halibut are demersal fish and are highly regarded as a food fish as well as a sport fish.

Main

Halibut casserole

Main

Hamburger

A hamburger (or burger for short) is a food consisting of fillings —usually a patty of ground meat, typically beef—placed inside a sliced bun or bread roll. hamburgers are often served with cheese, lettuce, tomato, onion, pickles, bacon, or chilis; condiments such as ketchup, mustard, mayonnaise, relish, or a "special sauce", often a variation of thousand island dressing; and are frequently placed on sesame seed buns. a hamburger topped with cheese is called a cheeseburger.the term burger can also be applied to the meat patty on its own, especially in the united kingdom, where the term patty is rarely used, or the term can even refer simply to ground beef. since the term hamburger usually implies beef, for clarity burger may be prefixed with the type of meat or meat substitute used, as in beef burger, turkey burger, bison burger, portobello burger, or veggie burger. in australia and new zealand, a piece of chicken breast on a bun is known as a chicken burger, which would generally not be considered to be a burger in the united states; where it would generally be called a chicken sandwich, but in australian english and new zealand english a sandwich requires sliced bread (not a bun), so it would not be considered a sandwich.hamburgers are typically sold at fast-food restaurants, diners, and specialty and high-end restaurants. there are many international and regional variations of hamburgers.

Main

Hval

Whale meat, broadly speaking, may include all cetaceans (whales, dolphins, porpoises) and all parts of the animal: muscle (meat), organs (offal), skin (muktuk), and fat (blubber). there is relatively little demand for whale meat, compared to farmed livestock. commercial whaling, which has faced opposition for decades, continues today in very few countries (mainly iceland, japan and norway), despite whale meat being eaten across western europe and colonial america previously. however, in areas where dolphin drive hunting and aboriginal whaling exist, marine mammals are eaten locally as part of a subsistence economy: the faroe islands, the circumpolar arctic (the inuit in canada and greenland, related peoples in alaska, the chukchi people of siberia), other indigenous peoples of the united states (including the makah people of the pacific northwest), st. vincent and the grenadines (mainly on the island of bequia), some of villages in indonesia and in certain south pacific islands. like horse meat, for some cultures whale meat is taboo, or a food of last resort, e.g. in times of war, whereas in others it is a delicacy and a culinary centrepiece. indigenous groups contend that whale meat represents their cultural survival. its consumption has been denounced by detractors on wildlife conservation, toxicity (especially mercury), and animal rights grounds. whale meat can be prepared in various ways, including salt-curing, which means that consumption is not necessarily restricted to coastal communities.

Dessert, Sweet

Jødekager

Jødekager, also known as joedekager (meaning "jewish cookie’’ in danish), is a popular cookie of danish jewish origin. the cookie originated in the danish jewish community in denmark starting in the 1700s, though the current version dates back to 1856. its name likely originates from bearing a similar appearance to cakes sold in jewish bakeries. it remains popular to this day, notably during christmas.

Dessert, Sweet

Kalaallit kaagiat

Greenlandic cake with raisins, serve with coffee

Breakfast

Kanelsnegl

A cinnamon roll (also known as cinnamon bun, cinnamon swirl, cinnamon danish and cinnamon snail) is a sweet roll commonly served in northern europe (mainly in nordic countries, but also in austria and germany) and north america. in sweden it is called kanelbulle, in denmark it is known as kanelsnegl, in norway it is known as kanelbolle, skillingsbolle or kanelsnurr, in finland it is known as korvapuusti, in iceland it is known as kanilsnúða, and in estonia it is known as kaneelirull. in austria and germany it is called zimtschnecke.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Kanelsnegl

A cinnamon roll (also known as cinnamon bun, cinnamon swirl, cinnamon danish and cinnamon snail) is a sweet roll commonly served in northern europe (mainly in nordic countries, but also in austria and germany) and north america. in sweden it is called kanelbulle, in denmark it is known as kanelsnegl, in norway it is known as kanelbolle, skillingsbolle or kanelsnurr, in finland it is known as korvapuusti, in iceland it is known as kanilsnúða, and in estonia it is known as kaneelirull. in austria and germany it is called zimtschnecke.

Dessert, Sweet

Kanelsnegl

A cinnamon roll (also known as cinnamon bun, cinnamon swirl, cinnamon danish and cinnamon snail) is a sweet roll commonly served in northern europe (mainly in nordic countries, but also in austria and germany) and north america. in sweden it is called kanelbulle, in denmark it is known as kanelsnegl, in norway it is known as kanelbolle, skillingsbolle or kanelsnurr, in finland it is known as korvapuusti, in iceland it is known as kanilsnúða, and in estonia it is known as kaneelirull. in austria and germany it is called zimtschnecke.

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Kittiwake

The kittiwakes (genus rissa) are two closely related seabird species in the gull family laridae, the black-legged kittiwake (rissa tridactyla) and the red-legged kittiwake (rissa brevirostris). the epithets "black-legged" and "red-legged" are used to distinguish the two species in north america, but in europe, where rissa brevirostris is not found, the black-legged kittiwake is often known simply as kittiwake, or more colloquially in some areas as tickleass or tickleace. the name is derived from its call, a shrill 'kittee-wa-aaake, kitte-wa-aaake'. the genus name rissa is from the icelandic name rita for the black-legged kittiwake.

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Kiviak

Seal carcass stuffed with whole fermented auk arctic birds, a traditional greenlandic inuit meal

Dessert, Sweet

Klenät

Klenät, kleinur, klena, klejne, kleina, kleyna, and fattigmann are all names for angel wings, a fried pastry common in the nordic countries as well as the rest of europe and the united states. in nearby countries (such as lithuania, is found under the name žagarėliai) and eastern european countries (such as romania under the name of minciunele or russia, under the name krepli, russian: крепли). the name is related to klen, the swedish term for "slender", but is originally of low german origin, which may indicate that the pastry was originally german. it is made from flattened dough cut into small trapezoids. a slit is cut in the middle and then one or both ends pulled through the slit to form a "knot". the kleina is then deep-fried in oil or another kind of fat. subsequently can be sprinkled with powdered sugar and cinnamon. in scandinavia, klenäter are traditionally eaten around christmas, most commonly in the southern parts of sweden, and iceland, norway, the faroe islands, greenland and denmark, the baltic states, as well as northern germany. they may be sprinkled with sugar. icelandic kleinur are a very common everyday pastry, sold in bakeries (singly) and stores (in bags of ten or so) all around the country, and eaten plain.klenäter are similar to the american cruller.

Dessert, Sweet

Kransekage

Kransekage (danish) or kransekake (norwegian) is a traditional danish and norwegian confection, often eaten on special occasions in scandinavia. in english, the name means wreath cake. in norway it is alternatively referred to as tårnkake (english: tower cake) and often prepared for constitution day celebrations, christmas, weddings, and baptisms. in denmark it is typically eaten as part of new year celebrations, while a variation of the cake, overflødighedshorn, is traditionally served at weddings and baptisms.the origin of the kransekage can be traced to the 18th century, where it was first created by a baker in copenhagen.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Kuisat

Cod, in pieces, is boiled in water, then the stomach is stuffed with crowberries and boiled liver

Dessert, Sweet

Lagkage

Layer cake

Main

Lamb

Lamb, hogget, and mutton, generically sheep meat, are the meat of domestic sheep, ovis aries. a sheep in its first year is a lamb and its meat is also lamb. the meat from sheep in their second year is hogget. older sheep meat is mutton. generally, "hogget" and "sheep meat" are not used by consumers outside norway, new zealand, south africa and australia. hogget has become more common in england, particularly in the north (lancashire and yorkshire) often in association with rare breed and organic farming. in south asian and caribbean cuisine, "mutton" often means goat meat. at various times and places, "mutton" or "goat mutton" has occasionally been used to mean goat meat.lamb is the most expensive of the three types and in recent decades sheep meat is increasingly only retailed as "lamb", sometimes stretching the accepted distinctions given above. the stronger-tasting mutton is now hard to find in many areas, despite the efforts of the mutton renaissance campaign in the uk. in australia, the term prime lamb is often used to refer to lambs raised for meat. other languages, for example french, spanish, italian and arabic, make similar or even more detailed distinctions among sheep meats by age and sometimes by sex and diet—for example, lechazo in spanish refers to meat from milk-fed (unweaned) lambs.

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Lasagne

Lasagne (us: , also uk: , italian: [laˈzaɲɲe]; singular lasagna, italian: [laˈzaɲɲa]) are a type of pasta, possibly one of the oldest types, made of very wide, flat sheets. either term can also refer to an italian dish made of stacked layers of lasagne alternating with fillings such as ragù (ground meats and tomato sauce), vegetables, cheeses (which may include ricotta, mozzarella, and parmesan), and seasonings and spices, like italian seasoning, such as garlic, oregano and basil. the dish may be topped with grated cheese, which becomes melted after baking. typically cooked pasta is assembled with the other ingredients and then baked in an oven. the resulting baked pasta is cut into single-serving square portions.

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Little auk

The little auk or dovekie (alle alle) is a small auk, the only member of the genus alle. alle is the sami name of the long-tailed duck; it is onomatopoeic and imitates the call of the drake duck. linnaeus was not particularly familiar with the winter plumages of either the auk or the duck, and appears to have confused the two species. other common names include rotch, rotche, and sea dove, although this last sometimes refers to a different auk, the black guillemot, instead.it breeds on islands in the high arctic. there are two subspecies: a. a. alle breeds in greenland, novaya zemlya and svalbard, and a. a. polaris on franz josef land. a small number of individuals breed on little diomede island in the bering strait with additional breeding individuals thought to occur on king island, st. lawrence island, st. matthew island and the pribilof islands in the bering sea.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Lousewort

Pedicularis is a genus of perennial green root parasite plants currently placed in the family orobanchaceae (the genus previously having been placed in scrophulariaceae sensu lato).

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Lumpfish

The cyclopteridae are a family of marine fishes, commonly known as lumpsuckers or lumpfish, in the order scorpaeniformes. they are found in the cold waters of the arctic, north atlantic, and north pacific oceans. the greatest number of species are found in the north pacific. the family name cyclopteridae derives from the greek words κύκλος (kyklos), meaning "circle", and πτέρυξ (pteryx), meaning "wing" or "fin", in reference to the circle-shaped pectoral fins of most of the fish in this family.

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Mattak

Muktuk (transliterated in various ways, see below) is a traditional food of the peoples of the arctic, consisting of whale skin and blubber. it is most often made from the bowhead whale, although the beluga and the narwhal are also used. it is usually consumed raw, but can also be eaten frozen, cooked, or pickled.

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Murre

Uria is a genus of seabirds in the auk family known in britain as guillemots, in most of north america as murres, and in newfoundland and labrador as turr. these are medium-sized birds with mainly brown or black plumage in the breeding season. they breed on the coasts of the northern atlantic and pacific oceans.

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Muskox

The muskox (ovibos moschatus, in latin "musky sheep-ox"), also spelled musk ox and musk-ox, plural muskoxen or musk oxen (in inuktitut: ᐅᒥᖕᒪᒃ, umingmak; in woods cree: ᒫᖨᒨᐢ, mâthi-môs, ᒫᖨᒧᐢᑐᐢ, mâthi-mostos), is a hoofed mammal of the family bovidae. native to the arctic, it is noted for its thick coat and for the strong odor emitted by males during the seasonal rut, from which its name derives. this musky odor has the effect of attracting females during mating season. its inuktitut name "umingmak" translates to "the bearded one".its woods cree names "mâthi-môs" and "mâthi-mostos" translate to "ugly moose" and "ugly bison", respectively. muskoxen primarily live in greenland and the canadian arctic of the northwest territories and nunavut, with reintroduced populations in the american state of alaska, the canadian territory of yukon, and siberia, and an introduced population in norway, part of which emigrated to sweden, where a small population now lives.

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Mussel

Mussel () is the common name used for members of several families of bivalve molluscs, from saltwater and freshwater habitats. these groups have in common a shell whose outline is elongated and asymmetrical compared with other edible clams, which are often more or less rounded or oval. the word "mussel" is frequently used to mean the bivalves of the marine family mytilidae, most of which live on exposed shores in the intertidal zone, attached by means of their strong byssal threads ("beard") to a firm substrate. a few species (in the genus bathymodiolus) have colonised hydrothermal vents associated with deep ocean ridges. in most marine mussels the shell is longer than it is wide, being wedge-shaped or asymmetrical. the external colour of the shell is often dark blue, blackish, or brown, while the interior is silvery and somewhat nacreous. the common name "mussel" is also used for many freshwater bivalves, including the freshwater pearl mussels. freshwater mussel species inhabit lakes, ponds, rivers, creeks, canals, and they are classified in a different subclass of bivalves, despite some very superficial similarities in appearance. freshwater zebra mussels and their relatives in the family dreissenidae are not related to previously mentioned groups, even though they resemble many mytilus species in shape, and live attached to rocks and other hard surfaces in a similar manner, using a byssus. they are classified with the heterodonta, the taxonomic group which includes most of the bivalves commonly referred to as "clams".

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Nipisa suaat

Lumpfish caviar, serve on bread of blinis, sour cream and red onion

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Oksemørbrad

A beef tenderloin (us english), known as an eye fillet in australasia, filet in france, filé mignon in brazil, and fillet in the united kingdom and south africa, is cut from the loin of beef.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Pandekager

Thin pancake, serve with powedered sugar, strawberry jam, fruit, nutella, vanilla ice cream

Dessert, Sweet

Pandekager

Thin pancake, serve with powedered sugar, strawberry jam, fruit, nutella, vanilla ice cream

Breakfast

Pandekager

Thin pancake, serve with powedered sugar, strawberry jam, fruit, nutella, vanilla ice cream

Main

Panertut

Dried fish or meat, used in a variety of dishes

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Panertut

Dried fish or meat, used in a variety of dishes

Dessert, Sweet

Pebernødder

Pfeffernüsse are small spice cookies, popular as a holiday treat with germans, and ethnic mennonites in north america. similar cookies are made in denmark, and the netherlands, as well. they are called pfeffernüsse (plural, singular is pfeffernuss) in german, pepernoten (sing. pepernoot) in dutch, päpanät in plautdietsch, pfeffernusse or peppernuts in english, and pebernødder in danish.

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Pizza

Pizza (italian: [ˈpittsa], neapolitan: [ˈpittsə]) is a dish of italian origin consisting of a usually round, flat base of leavened wheat-based dough topped with tomatoes, cheese, and often various other ingredients (such as various types of sausage, anchovies, mushrooms, onions, olives, vegetables, meat, ham, etc.), which is then baked at a high temperature, traditionally in a wood-fired oven. a small pizza is sometimes called a pizzetta. a person who makes pizza is known as a pizzaiolo. in italy, pizza served in a restaurant is presented unsliced, and is eaten with the use of a knife and fork. in casual settings, however, it is cut into wedges to be eaten while held in the hand. the term pizza was first recorded in the 10th century in a latin manuscript from the southern italian town of gaeta in lazio, on the border with campania. modern pizza was invented in naples, and the dish and its variants have since become popular in many countries. it has become one of the most popular foods in the world and a common fast food item in europe, north america and australasia; available at pizzerias (restaurants specializing in pizza), restaurants offering mediterranean cuisine, via pizza delivery, and as street food. various food companies sell ready-baked pizzas, which may be frozen, in grocery stores, to be reheated in a home oven. in 2017, the world pizza market was us$128 billion, and in the us it was $44 billion spread over 76,000 pizzerias. overall, 13% of the u.s. population aged 2 years and over consumed pizza on any given day.the associazione verace pizza napoletana (lit. true neapolitan pizza association) is a non-profit organization founded in 1984 with headquarters in naples that aims to promote traditional neapolitan pizza. in 2009, upon italy's request, neapolitan pizza was registered with the european union as a traditional speciality guaranteed dish, and in 2017 the art of its making was included on unesco's list of intangible cultural heritage.raffaele esposito is often considered to be the father of modern pizza.

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Polar bear

The polar bear (ursus maritimus) is a hypercarnivorous bear whose native range lies largely within the arctic circle, encompassing the arctic ocean, its surrounding seas and surrounding land masses. it is the largest extant bear species, as well as the largest extant land carnivore. a boar (adult male) weighs around 350–700 kg (770–1,540 lb), while a sow (adult female) is about half that size. although it is the sister species of the brown bear, it has evolved to occupy a narrower ecological niche, with many body characteristics adapted for cold temperatures, for moving across snow, ice and open water, and for hunting seals, which make up most of its diet. although most polar bears are born on land, they spend most of their time on the sea ice. their scientific name means "maritime bear" and derives from this fact. polar bears hunt their preferred food of seals from the edge of sea ice, often living off fat reserves when no sea ice is present. because of their dependence on the sea ice, polar bears are classified as marine mammals.because of expected habitat loss caused by climate change, the polar bear is classified as a vulnerable species. for decades, large-scale hunting raised international concern for the future of the species, but populations rebounded after controls and quotas began to take effect. for thousands of years, the polar bear has been a key figure in the material, spiritual, and cultural life of circumpolar peoples, and polar bears remain important in their cultures. historically, the polar bear has also been known as the "white bear". it is sometimes referred to as the "nanook", based on the inuit term nanuq.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Pølsehorn

Sausage rolls, popular with children

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Potato

The potato is a starchy tuber of the plant solanum tuberosum and is a root vegetable native to the americas. the plant is a perennial in the nightshade family solanaceae.wild potato species can be found from the southern united states to southern chile. the potato was originally believed to have been domesticated by native americans independently in multiple locations, but later genetic studies traced a single origin, in the area of present-day southern peru and extreme northwestern bolivia. potatoes were domesticated there approximately 7,000–10,000 years ago, from a species in the solanum brevicaule complex. in the andes region of south america, where the species is indigenous, some close relatives of the potato are cultivated. potatoes were introduced to europe from the americas in the second half of the 16th century by the spanish. today they are a staple food in many parts of the world and an integral part of much of the world's food supply. as of 2014, potatoes were the world's fourth-largest food crop after maize (corn), wheat, and rice. following millennia of selective breeding, there are now over 5,000 different types of potatoes. over 99% of potatoes presently cultivated worldwide descended from varieties that originated in the lowlands of south-central chile. the importance of the potato as a food source and culinary ingredient varies by region and is still changing. it remains an essential crop in europe, especially northern and eastern europe, where per capita production is still the highest in the world, while the most rapid expansion in production over the past few decades has occurred in southern and eastern asia, with china and india leading the world in overall production as of 2018. like the tomato, the potato is a nightshade in the genus solanum, and the vegetative and fruiting parts of the potato contain the toxin solanine which is dangerous for human consumption. normal potato tubers that have been grown and stored properly produce glycoalkaloids in amounts small enough to be negligible to human health, but, if green sections of the plant (namely sprouts and skins) are exposed to light, the tuber can accumulate a high enough concentration of glycoalkaloids to affect human health.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Potato salad

Potato salad is a salad dish made from boiled potatoes, usually containing a dressing and a variety of other ingredients such as boiled eggs and raw vegetables. in american restaurants, it is generally considered a side dish, and usually accompanies the main course.

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Poultry

Poultry () are domesticated birds kept by humans for their eggs, their meat or their feathers. these birds are most typically members of the superorder galloanserae (fowl), especially the order galliformes (which includes chickens, quails, and turkeys). the term also includes birds that are killed for their meat, such as the young of pigeons (known as squabs) but does not include similar wild birds hunted for sport or food and known as game. the word "poultry" comes from the french/norman word poule, itself derived from the latin word pullus, which means small animal.the recent genomic study involving the four extant junglefowl species reveal that the domestication of chicken, the most populous poultry species, occurred around 8,000 years ago in southeast asia. although this was believed to have occurred later around 5,400 years ago in southeast asia. this may have originally been as a result of people hatching and rearing young birds from eggs collected from the wild, but later involved keeping the birds permanently in captivity. domesticated chickens may have been used for cockfighting at first and quail kept for their songs, but soon it was realised how useful it was having a captive-bred source of food. selective breeding for fast growth, egg-laying ability, conformation, plumage and docility took place over the centuries, and modern breeds often look very different from their wild ancestors. although some birds are still kept in small flocks in extensive systems, most birds available in the market today are reared in intensive commercial enterprises. together with pig meat, poultry is one of the two most widely eaten types of meat globally, with over 70% of the meat supply in 2012 between them; poultry provides nutritionally beneficial food containing high-quality protein accompanied by a low proportion of fat. all poultry meat should be properly handled and sufficiently cooked in order to reduce the risk of food poisoning. semi-vegetarians who consume poultry as the only source of meat are said to adhere to pollotarianism. the word "poultry" comes from the west & english "pultrie", from old french pouletrie, from pouletier, poultry dealer, from poulet, pullet. the word "pullet" itself comes from middle english pulet, from old french polet, both from latin pullus, a young fowl, young animal or chicken. the word "fowl" is of germanic origin (cf. old english fugol, german vogel, danish fugl).

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Prawn

Prawn is a common name for small aquatic crustaceans with an exoskeleton and ten legs (which is a member of the order decapoda), some of which can be eaten.the term "prawn" is used particularly in the united kingdom, ireland, and commonwealth nations, for large swimming crustaceans or shrimp, especially those with commercial significance in the fishing industry. shrimp that are present in this category often belong to the suborder dendrobranchiata. in north america, the term is used less frequently, typically for freshwater shrimp. the terms shrimp and prawn themselves lack scientific standing. over the years, the way they are used has changed, and in contemporary usage the terms are almost interchangeable.

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Ptarmigan

Lagopus is a small genus of birds in the grouse subfamily commonly known as ptarmigans (). the genus contains three living species with numerous described subspecies, all living in tundra or cold upland areas.

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Qilalukkat orsua

Narwhal blubber, serve with salt or soy sauce

Main

Ræv

Foxes are small to medium-sized, omnivorous mammals belonging to several genera of the family canidae. they have a flattened skull, upright triangular ears, a pointed, slightly upturned snout, and a long bushy tail (or brush). twelve species belong to the monophyletic "true foxes" group of genus vulpes. approximately another 25 current or extinct species are always or sometimes called foxes; these foxes are either part of the paraphyletic group of the south american foxes, or of the outlying group, which consists of the bat-eared fox, gray fox, and island fox.foxes live on every continent except antarctica. the most common and widespread species of fox is the red fox (vulpes vulpes) with about 47 recognized subspecies. the global distribution of foxes, together with their widespread reputation for cunning, has contributed to their prominence in popular culture and folklore in many societies around the world. the hunting of foxes with packs of hounds, long an established pursuit in europe, especially in the british isles, was exported by european settlers to various parts of the new world.

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Razorbill

The razorbill, razor-billed auk, or lesser auk (alca torda) is a colonial seabird and the only extant member of the genus alca of the family alcidae, the auks. it is the closest living relative of the extinct great auk (pinguinis impennis). wild populations live in the subarctic waters of the atlantic ocean. razorbills are primarily black with a white underside. the male and female are identical in plumage; however, males are generally larger than females. this agile bird, which is capable of both flight and diving, has a predominantly aquatic lifestyle and only comes to land in order to breed. it is monogamous, choosing one partner for life. females lay one egg per year. razorbills nest along coastal cliffs in enclosed or slightly exposed crevices. the parents spend equal amounts of time incubating, and once the chick has hatched, they take turns foraging for their young. in 1918, the razorbill was protected in the united states by the migratory bird treaty act. presently, this species faces major threats, including the destruction of breeding sites, oil spills, and deterioration of food quality. the iucn records the population of the gagarka as fluctuating, causing its status to interchange. it has been recorded that the population had increased from 2008 to 2015, decreased from 2015 to 2021, and appears to be increasing or stable at the present. it is believed the population of the gagarka lies between 838,000 and 1,600,000 individuals.

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Redfish

Redfish is a common name for several species of fish. it is most commonly applied to certain deep-sea rockfish in the genus sebastes, red drum from the genus sciaenops or the reef dwelling snappers in the genus lutjanus. it is also applied to the slimeheads or roughies (family trachichthyidae), and the alfonsinos (berycidae).

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Reindeer

The reindeer (rangifer tarandus), also known as the caribou in north america, is a species of deer with circumpolar distribution, native to arctic, subarctic, tundra, boreal, and mountainous regions of northern europe, siberia, and north america. this includes both sedentary and migratory populations. it is the only representative of the genus rangifer. herd size varies greatly in different geographic regions. r. tarandus varies in size and colour from the smallest subspecies, the svalbard reindeer, to the largest, the boreal woodland caribou. the north american range of caribou extends from alaska through the yukon, the northwest territories and nunavut into the boreal forest and south through the canadian rockies. the barren-ground caribou, porcupine caribou, and peary caribou live in the tundra, while the shy boreal woodland caribou prefer the boreal forest. the porcupine caribou and the barren-ground caribou form large herds and undertake lengthy seasonal migrations from birthing grounds to summer and winter feeding grounds in the tundra and taiga. the migrations of porcupine caribou herds are among the longest of any mammal. barren-ground caribou are also found in kitaa in greenland, but the larger herds are in alaska, the northwest territories, and nunavut.the taimyr herd of migrating siberian tundra reindeer (r. t. sibiricus) in russia is the largest wild reindeer herd in the world, varying between 400,000 and 1,000,000. what was once the second largest herd is the migratory boreal woodland caribou (r. t. caribou) george river herd in canada, with former variations between 28,000 and 385,000. as of january 2018, there are fewer than 9,000 animals estimated to be left in the george river herd, as reported by the canadian broadcasting corporation. the new york times reported in april 2018 of the disappearance of the only herd of southern mountain woodland caribou in the contiguous united states with an expert calling it "functionally extinct" after the herd's size dwindled to a mere three animals. after the last individual, a female, was translocated to a wildlife rehabilitation centre in canada, the woodland caribou was considered extirpated from the contiguous united states.some subspecies are rare and two have already become extinct: the queen charlotte islands caribou of canada and the east greenland caribou from east greenland. historically, the range of the sedentary boreal woodland caribou covered more than half of canada and into the northern states of the contiguous united states. woodland caribou have disappeared from most of their original southern range and were designated as threatened in 2002 by the committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada (cosewic). environment canada reported in 2011 that there were approximately 34,000 boreal woodland caribou in 51 ranges remaining in canada (environment canada, 2011b). siberian tundra reindeer herds are also in decline, and rangifer tarandus is considered to be vulnerable by the iucn. arctic peoples have depended on caribou for food, clothing, and shelter, such as the caribou inuit, the inland-dwelling inuit of the kivalliq region in northern canada, the caribou clan in the yukon, the iñupiat, the inuvialuit, the hän, the northern tutchone, and the gwichʼin (who followed the porcupine caribou for millennia). hunting wild reindeer and herding of semi-domesticated reindeer are important to several arctic and subarctic peoples such as the duhalar for meat, hides, antlers, milk, and transportation. the sámi people (sápmi) have also depended on reindeer herding and fishing for centuries.: iv : 16 : iv  in sápmi, reindeer are used to pull a pulk, a nordic sled. male ("bulls") and female ("cows") reindeer can grow antlers annually, although the proportion of females that grow antlers varies greatly between population and season. antlers are typically larger on males. in traditional united states christmas legend, santa claus's reindeer pull a sleigh through the night sky to help santa claus deliver gifts to good children on christmas eve.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Reindeer salami

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Rejecocktail

Prawn cocktail, also known as shrimp cocktail, is a seafood dish consisting of shelled, cooked prawns in a marie rose sauce or cocktail sauce, served in a glass. it was the most popular hors d'œuvre in great britain, as well as in the united states, from the 1960s to the late 1980s. according to the english food writer nigel slater, the prawn cocktail "has spent most of (its life) see-sawing from the height of fashion to the laughably passé" and is now often served with a degree of irony.the cocktail sauce is essentially ketchup plus mayonnaise in commonwealth countries, or ketchup and horseradish in the united states. recipes may add worcestershire sauce, hot sauce, vinegar, cayenne pepper or lemon juice.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Rice

Rice is the seed of the grass species oryza sativa (asian rice) or less commonly oryza glaberrima (african rice). the name wild rice is usually used for species of the genera zizania and porteresia, both wild and domesticated, although the term may also be used for primitive or uncultivated varieties of oryza. as a cereal grain, domesticated rice is the most widely consumed staple food for over half of the world's human population, especially in asia and africa. it is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production, after sugarcane and maize. since sizable portions of sugarcane and maize crops are used for purposes other than human consumption, rice is the most important food crop with regard to human nutrition and caloric intake, providing more than one-fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by humans. there are many varieties of rice and culinary preferences tend to vary regionally. the traditional method for cultivating rice is flooding the fields while, or after, setting the young seedlings. this simple method requires sound irrigation planning but reduces the growth of less robust weed and pest plants that have no submerged growth state, and deters vermin. while flooding is not mandatory for the cultivation of rice, all other methods of irrigation require higher effort in weed and pest control during growth periods and a different approach for fertilizing the soil. rice, a monocot, is normally grown as an annual plant, although in tropical areas it can survive as a perennial and can produce a ratoon crop for up to 30 years. rice cultivation is well-suited to countries and regions with low labor costs and high rainfall, as it is labor-intensive to cultivate and requires ample water. however, rice can be grown practically anywhere, even on a steep hill or mountain area with the use of water-controlling terrace systems. although its parent species are native to asia and certain parts of africa, centuries of trade and exportation have made it commonplace in many cultures worldwide. production and consumption of rice is estimated to have been responsible for 4% of global greenhouse gas emissions in 2010.

Dessert, Sweet

Risalamande

Risalamande (also spelled as ris à l'amande) is a traditional danish dessert served at christmas dinner and julefrokost(christmas lunch). it is made of rice pudding mixed with whipped cream, sugar, vanilla, and chopped almonds. it is served cold with either warm or cold cherry sauce (kirsebærsovs).

Dessert, Sweet

Risengrød

Rice pudding is a dish made from rice mixed with water or milk and other ingredients such as cinnamon, vanilla and raisins. variants are used for either desserts or dinners. when used as a dessert, it is commonly combined with a sweetener such as sugar. such desserts are found on many continents, especially asia where rice is a staple. some variants are thickened only with the rice starch; others include eggs, making them a kind of custard.

Main

Rockfish

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Rødkål

Braised pickled red cabbage, a common side dish during christmas, for example, with roast duck

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Rosenrod

Rhodiola rosea (commonly golden root, rose root, roseroot,: 138  aaron's rod, arctic root, king's crown, lignum rhodium, orpin rose) is a perennial flowering plant in the family crassulaceae. it grows naturally in wild arctic regions of europe (including britain), asia, and north america ( n.b., nfld. and labrador, n.s., qc.; alaska, maine, n.y., n.c., pa., vt), and can be propagated as a groundcover.although rhodiola rosea has been used in traditional medicine, there is no high-quality clinical evidence of its effectiveness to treat any disease. the united states food and drug administration has issued several warnings to manufacturers of r. rosea dietary supplements for making false health claims about its safety and efficacy.the plant is threatened in many countries due to rapidly growing demand. supply comes mostly from wild harvesting on an industrial scale, and a combination of growing scarcity and a lack of regulation has led to environmental degradation, substitution or adulteration in the market, and illegal harvesting in protected areas.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Rugbrød

Rugbrød (danish pronunciation: [ˈʁu:ˌpʁœðˀ]) is a very common form of rye bread from denmark. rugbrød usually resembles a long brown extruded rectangle, no more than 12 cm high, and 30–35 cm wide, depending on the bread pan in which it is baked. the basic ingredient is rye flour which will produce a plain or "old-fashioned" bread of uniform, somewhat heavy structure, but the most popular versions today contain whole grains (cracked or chopped rye kernels) and often other seeds such as sunflower seeds, linseeds or pumpkin seeds. the dough may be made exclusively with rye flour or contain up to one third whole rye grains. a small amount of wheat flour, sugar or molasses is often added to adjust the taste or because wheat flour is cheaper than rye (contrary to in former times). rugbrød was the major staple of most of the population until potatoes became widespread during the late 19th century, and even up to the 1950s, danes ate much larger amounts of rugbrød than today. it has been discussed why this bread type prevailed better in denmark than other northern european countries. a possible explanation is the need to bring packed lunches, because danish schools and most workplaces don't traditionally have canteens with hot meals. rugbrød is implied in the colloquial danish term for serving prison time, på vand og brød ("on water and bread"). until 1933, prisoners could in some circumstances be punished with an allowance of only water, a fixed amount of rugbrød, salt and possibly lard. rugbrød is regarded somewhat difficult for home baking. apart from the sourdough preparation, the loaves must not be leavened for too long, or else the taste can become excessively sour, with the relatively pungent acetic acid taking the lead over milder-tasting lactic acid, and enzymes can cause the gluten (protein structure) and starches to degrade and collapse, creating cavities or dense lumps inside the bread or even causing it to shrink during or after baking. rarely, recipes replace some of the water with ale or beer, but this isn't necessary to create the characteristic sourdough taste. sourdough is almost always used for the base dough, as commercial yeasts are unsuitable. the naturally fermented dough will develop a lactobacillus culture in symbiotic combination with naturally present yeasts. it is essential in baking rye-based breads because the chemistry of rye flour produces an environment that is acidic. the most commonly present yeast species in the production of naturally leavened dough is saccharomyces exiguus, which is more acid-tolerant than commercially produced s. cerevisiae, although the latter and other strains may also be present. research has shown that when creating a naturally fermented starter, any naturally present s. cerevisiae will have died off after a few days. sourdough is thus a stable culture of lactic acid bacteria and yeast in a mixture of flour and water. the yeast produces carbon dioxide which leavens the dough, and the bacteria produces lactic acid which contributes flavor. the bacteria metabolizes sugars that the yeast cannot, and the yeast metabolizes byproducts of bacterial fermentation. commercially produced yeast will not accomplish these processes in rye flour. rugbrød contains little or no added oils and is low in fat. additional flavourings, other than salt, can include barley malt syrup or sugar. the bread is rich in protein and dietary fiber and not very sweet, unlike swedish and german rye bread. due to confusion of the term wholegrain (in danish: fuldkorn, "full grain"), many people assume rugbrød with soft-chewy, whole kernels to be healthier than the old-style version which is made of only unsifted rye flour and has a more even, smooth structure. however, both versions are made of wholegrain rye, including germ and bran, and therefore have the same nutritional value and fiber content. buttered rugbrød is essentially the base for danish open sandwich smørrebrød.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Rullepølse

Rullepølse (danish pronunciation: [ˈʁuləˌpʰølsə], rolled sausage) is a traditional danish cold cut. a piece of pork belly—variants use beef flank or lamb—is flattened out and is spread with herbs and seasoning (salt, pepper, allspice), chopped onions, and in some variants, parsley. it is then rolled up and placed in a brine for a number of days, before being placed in a special press, cooled, and sliced thinly. it is often use on rugbrød to make the traditional danish open-faced sandwich, smørrebrød, usually garnished with a thick slice of sky and rings of raw onion.similar items also exist in a swedish version, rullsylta, and a norwegian version, ribberull, which is made of a lamb shoulder - boned, flattened, sewn to form a long rectangle, rolled, pressed, and steamed.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Saarullik panertoq

Dried cod

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Salami

Salami ( sə-lah-mee) is a cured sausage consisting of fermented and air-dried meat, typically pork. historically, salami was popular among southern, eastern, and central european peasants because it can be stored at room temperature for up to 40 days once cut, supplementing a potentially meager or inconsistent supply of fresh meat. countries and regions across europe make their own traditional varieties of salami.

Main

Salmon

Salmon () is the common name for several species of ray-finned fish in the family salmonidae. other fish in the same family include trout, char, grayling, and whitefish. salmon are native to tributaries of the north atlantic (genus salmo) and pacific ocean (genus oncorhynchus). many species of salmon have been introduced into non-native environments such as the great lakes of north america and patagonia in south america. salmon are intensively farmed in many parts of the world.typically, salmon are anadromous: they hatch in fresh water, migrate to the ocean, then return to fresh water to reproduce. however, populations of several species are restricted to fresh water throughout their lives. folklore has it that the fish return to the exact spot where they hatched to spawn. tracking studies have shown this to be mostly true. a portion of a returning salmon run may stray and spawn in different freshwater systems; the percent of straying depends on the species of salmon. homing behavior has been shown to depend on olfactory memory.

Main

Sashimi

Sashimi (刺身, english: sə-shee-mee, japanese: [saɕimiꜜ]) is a japanese delicacy consisting of fresh raw fish or meat sliced into thin pieces and often eaten with soy sauce.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Sausage

A sausage is a type of meat product usually made from ground meat—often pork, beef, or poultry—along with salt, spices and other flavourings. other ingredients, such as grains or breadcrumbs may be included as fillers or extenders. when used as an adjective, the word sausage can refer to the loose sausage meat, which can be formed into patties or stuffed into a skin. when referred to as "a sausage", the product is usually cylindrical and encased in a skin. typically, a sausage is formed in a casing traditionally made from intestine, but sometimes from synthetic materials. sausages that are sold raw are cooked in many ways, including pan-frying, broiling and barbecuing. some sausages are cooked during processing, and the casing may then be removed. sausage-making is a traditional food preservation technique. sausages may be preserved by curing, drying (often in association with fermentation or culturing, which can contribute to preservation), smoking, or freezing. some cured or smoked sausages can be stored without refrigeration. most fresh sausages must be refrigerated or frozen until they are cooked. sausages are made in a wide range of national and regional varieties, which differ by the types of meats that are used, the flavouring or spicing ingredients (garlic, peppers, wine, etc.), and the manner of preparation. in the 21st century, vegetarian and vegan varieties of sausage which completely substitute plant-based ingredients for meat have become much more widely available and consumed.

Main

Scallop

Scallop () is a common name that encompasses various species of marine bivalve mollusks (saltwater clams) in the taxonomic family pectinidae, the scallops. however, the common name "scallop" is also sometimes applied to species in other closely related families within the superfamily pectinoidea, which also includes the thorny oysters. scallops are a cosmopolitan family of bivalves which are found in all of the world's oceans, although never in fresh water. they are one of very few groups of bivalves to be primarily "free-living", with many species capable of rapidly swimming short distances and even of migrating some distance across the ocean floor. a small minority of scallop species live cemented to rocky substrates as adults, while others attach themselves to stationary or rooted objects such as sea grass at some point in their lives by means of a filament they secrete called a byssal thread. the majority of species, however, live recumbent on sandy substrates, and when they sense the presence of a predator such as a starfish, they may attempt to escape by swimming swiftly but erratically through the water using jet propulsion created by repeatedly clapping their shells together. scallops have a well-developed nervous system, and unlike most other bivalves all scallops have a ring of numerous simple eyes situated around the edge of their mantles. many species of scallops are highly prized as a food source, and some are farmed as aquaculture. the word "scallop" is also applied to the meat of these bivalves, the adductor muscle, that is sold as seafood. the brightly coloured, symmetric, fan-shaped shells of scallops with their radiating and often fluted ornamentation are valued by shell collectors, and have been used since ancient times as motifs in art, architecture, and design. owing to their widespread distribution, scallop shells are a common sight on beaches and are often brightly coloured, making them a popular object to collect among beachcombers and vacationers. the shells also have a significant place in popular culture, including symbolism.

Main

Sculpin

A sculpin is a type of fish that belongs to the superfamily cottoidea in the order scorpaeniformes. as of 2006, this superfamily contains 11 families, 149 genera, and 756 species.sculpins occur in many types of habitat, including ocean and freshwater zones. they live in rivers, submarine canyons, kelp forests, and shallow littoral habitat types, such as tidepools.sculpins are benthic fish, dwelling on the bottoms of water bodies. their pectoral fins are smooth on the upper edge and webbed with sharp rays along the lower edge, a modification that makes them specialized for gripping the substrate. this adaptation helps the fish anchor in fast-flowing water. the sculpin normally grows to about four inches long.

Main

Seafood

Seafood is any form of sea life regarded as food by humans, prominently including fish and shellfish. shellfish include various species of molluscs (e.g. bivalve molluscs such as clams, oysters and mussels, and cephalopods such as octopus and squid), crustaceans (e.g. shrimp, crabs, and lobster), and echinoderms (e.g. sea cucumbers and sea urchins). historically, marine mammals such as cetaceans (whales and dolphins) as well as seals have been eaten as food, though that happens to a lesser extent in modern times. edible sea plants such as some seaweeds and microalgae are widely eaten as sea vegetables around the world, especially in asia. seafood is an important source of (animal) protein in many diets around the world, especially in coastal areas. semi-vegetarians who consume seafood as the only source of meat are said to adhere to pescetarianism. the harvesting of wild seafood is usually known as fishing or hunting, while the cultivation and farming of seafood is known as aquaculture and fish farming (in the case of fish). most of the seafood harvest is consumed by humans, but a significant proportion is used as fish food to farm other fish or rear farm animals. some seafoods (i.e. kelp) are used as food for other plants (a fertilizer). in these ways, seafoods are used to produce further food for human consumption. also, products such as fish oil and spirulina tablets are extracted from seafoods. some seafood is fed to aquarium fish, or used to feed domestic pets such as cats. a small proportion is used in medicine, or is used industrially for nonfood purposes (e.g. leather).