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Acorn

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Beef

Beef is the culinary name for meat from cattle (bos taurus). in prehistoric times, humans hunted aurochs and later domesticated them. since that time, numerous breeds of cattle have been bred specifically for the quality or quantity of their meat. today, beef is the third most widely consumed meat in the world, after pork and poultry. as of 2018, the united states, brazil, and china were the largest producers of beef. beef can be prepared in various ways; cuts are often used for steak, which can be cooked to varying degrees of doneness, while trimmings are often ground or minced, as found in most hamburgers. beef contains protein, iron, and vitamin b12. along with other kinds of red meat, high consumption is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer and coronary heart disease, especially when processed. beef has a high environmental impact, being a primary driver of deforestation with the highest greenhouse gas emissions of any agricultural product.

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Bison

Bison are large bovines in the genus bison within the tribe bovini. two extant species and numerous extinct species are recognised. of the two surviving species, the american bison, b. bison, found only in north america, is the more numerous. although colloquially referred to as a buffalo in the united states and canada, it is only distantly related to the true buffalo. the north american species is composed of two subspecies, the plains bison, b. b. bison, and the wood bison, b. b. athabascae, which is the namesake of wood buffalo national park in canada. a third subspecies, the eastern bison (b. b. pennsylvanicus) is no longer considered a valid taxon, being a junior synonym of b. b. bison. references to "woods bison" or "wood bison" from the eastern united states refer to this subspecies, not b. b. athabascae, which was not found in the region. the european bison, b. bonasus, or wisent, or zubr, is found in europe and the caucasus, reintroduced after being extinct in the wild. while bison species have been traditionally classified in their own genus, modern genetics indicates that they are nested within the genus bos, which includes, among others, cattle, yaks and gaur, being most closely related to yaks. bison are sometimes bred with domestic cattle and produce offspring called beefalo or żubroń.

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Bison

Bison are large bovines in the genus bison within the tribe bovini. two extant species and numerous extinct species are recognised. of the two surviving species, the american bison, b. bison, found only in north america, is the more numerous. although colloquially referred to as a buffalo in the united states and canada, it is only distantly related to the true buffalo. the north american species is composed of two subspecies, the plains bison, b. b. bison, and the wood bison, b. b. athabascae, which is the namesake of wood buffalo national park in canada. a third subspecies, the eastern bison (b. b. pennsylvanicus) is no longer considered a valid taxon, being a junior synonym of b. b. bison. references to "woods bison" or "wood bison" from the eastern united states refer to this subspecies, not b. b. athabascae, which was not found in the region. the european bison, b. bonasus, or wisent, or zubr, is found in europe and the caucasus, reintroduced after being extinct in the wild. while bison species have been traditionally classified in their own genus, modern genetics indicates that they are nested within the genus bos, which includes, among others, cattle, yaks and gaur, being most closely related to yaks. bison are sometimes bred with domestic cattle and produce offspring called beefalo or żubroń.

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Blackberry

The blackberry is an edible fruit produced by many species in the genus rubus in the family rosaceae, hybrids among these species within the subgenus rubus, and hybrids between the subgenera rubus and idaeobatus. the taxonomy of blackberries has historically been confused because of hybridization and apomixis, so that species have often been grouped together and called species aggregates. for example, the entire subgenus rubus has been called the rubus fruticosus aggregate, although the species r. fruticosus is considered a synonym of r. plicatus.rubus armeniacus ("himalayan" blackberry) is considered a noxious weed and invasive species in many regions of the pacific northwest of canada and the united states, where it grows out of control in urban and suburban parks and woodlands.

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Chia pudding

Chia seeds are the edible seeds of salvia hispanica, a flowering plant in the mint family (lamiaceae) native to central and southern mexico, or of the related salvia columbariae of the southwestern united states and mexico. chia seeds are oval and gray with black and white spots, having a diameter around 2 millimetres (0.08 in). the seeds are hygroscopic, absorbing up to 12 times their weight in liquid when soaked and developing a mucilaginous coating that gives chia-based foods and beverages a distinctive gel texture. there is evidence that the crop was widely cultivated by the aztecs in pre-columbian times and was a staple food for mesoamerican cultures. chia seeds are cultivated on a small scale in their ancestral homeland of central mexico and guatemala and commercially throughout central and south america.

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Chicken

The chicken (gallus domesticus) is a domesticated junglefowl species, with attributes of wild species such as the grey and the ceylon junglefowl that are originally from southeastern asia. rooster or cock is a term for an adult male bird, and a younger male may be called a cockerel. a male that has been castrated is a capon. an adult female bird is called a hen and a sexually immature female is called a pullet. originally raised for cockfighting or for special ceremonies, chickens were not kept for food until the hellenistic period (4th–2nd centuries bc). humans now keep chickens primarily as a source of food (consuming both their meat and eggs) and as pets. chickens are one of the most common and widespread domestic animals, with a total population of 23.7 billion as of 2018, up from more than 19 billion in 2011. there are more chickens in the world than any other bird. there are numerous cultural references to chickens – in myth, folklore and religion, and in language and literature. genetic studies have pointed to multiple maternal origins in south asia, southeast asia, and east asia, but the clade found in the americas, europe, the middle east and africa originated from the indian subcontinent. from ancient india, the chicken spread to lydia in western asia minor, and to greece by the 5th century bc. fowl have been known in egypt since the mid-15th century bc, with the "bird that gives birth every day" having come from the land between syria and shinar, babylonia, according to the annals of thutmose iii.

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Chokecherry

Prunus virginiana, commonly called bitter-berry, chokecherry, virginia bird cherry, and western chokecherry (also black chokecherry for p. virginiana var. demissa), is a species of bird cherry (prunus subgenus padus) native to north america.

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Crayfish

Crayfish are freshwater crustaceans resembling small lobsters (to which they are related). in some locations, they are also known as crawfish, craydids, crawdaddies, crawdads, freshwater lobsters, mountain lobsters, rock lobsters, mudbugs, baybugs or yabbies. taxonomically, they are members of the superfamilies astacoidea and parastacoidea. they breathe through feather-like gills. some species are found in brooks and streams, where fresh water is running, while others thrive in swamps, ditches, and paddy fields. most crayfish cannot tolerate polluted water, although some species, such as procambarus clarkii, are hardier. crayfish feed on animals and plants, either living or decomposing, and detritus.the term "crayfish" is applied to saltwater species in some countries.

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Eggs

Eggs are laid by female animals of many different species, including birds, reptiles, amphibians, a few mammals, and fish, and many of these have been eaten by humans for thousands of years. bird and reptile eggs consist of a protective eggshell, albumen (egg white), and vitellus (egg yolk), contained within various thin membranes. the most commonly consumed eggs are chicken eggs. other poultry eggs including those of duck and quail also are eaten. fish eggs are called roe and caviar. egg yolks and whole eggs store significant amounts of protein and choline, and are widely used in cookery. due to their protein content, the united states department of agriculture formerly categorized eggs as meats within the food guide pyramid (now myplate). despite the nutritional value of eggs, there are some potential health issues arising from cholesterol content, salmonella contamination, and allergy to egg proteins. chickens and other egg-laying creatures are kept widely throughout the world and mass production of chicken eggs is a global industry. in 2009, an estimated 62.1 million metric tons of eggs were produced worldwide from a total laying flock of approximately 6.4 billion hens. there are issues of regional variation in demand and expectation, as well as current debates concerning methods of mass production. in 2012, the european union banned battery husbandry of chickens.

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Fish

Many species of fish are caught by humans and consumed as food in virtually all regions around the world. fish has been an important dietary source of protein and other nutrients throughout human history. the english language does not have a special culinary name for food prepared from fish like with other animals (as with pig vs. pork), or as in other languages (such as spanish pescado vs. pez). in culinary and fishery contexts, fish may include so-called shellfish such as molluscs, crustaceans and echinoderms; more expansively, seafood covers both fish and other marine life used as food.since 1961, the average annual increase in global apparent food fish consumption (3.2 percent) has outpaced population growth (1.6 percent) and exceeded consumption of meat from all terrestrial animals, combined (2.8 percent) and individually (bovine, ovine, porcine, etc.), except poultry (4.9 percent). in per capita terms, food fish consumption has grown from 9.0 kg (19.8 lb) in 1961 to 20.2 kg (45 lb) in 2015, at an average rate of about 1.5 percent per year. the expansion in consumption has been driven not only by increased production, but also by a combination of many other factors, including reduced wastage, better utilization, improved distribution channels and growing consumer demand, linked with population growth, rising disposable incomes and urbanization.europe, japan and the united states of america together accounted for 47 percent of the world's total food fish consumption in 1961, but only about 20 percent in 2015. of the global total of 149 million tonnes in 2015, asia consumed more than two-thirds (106 million tonnes at 24.0 kg per capita). oceania and africa consumed the lowest share. the shift is the result of structural changes in the sector and in particular the growing role of asian countries in fish production, as well as a significant gap between the economic growth rates of the world's more mature fish markets and those of many increasingly important emerging markets around the world, particularly in asia.

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Grouse

Grouse are a group of birds from the order galliformes, in the family phasianidae. grouse are presently assigned to the tribe tetraonini (formerly the subfamily tetraoninae and the family tetraonidae), a classification supported by mitochondrial dna sequence studies, and applied by the american ornithologists' union, itis, international ornithological congress, and others. grouse inhabit temperate and subarctic regions of the northern hemisphere, from pine forests to moorland and mountainside, from 83°n (rock ptarmigan in northern greenland) to 28°n (attwater's prairie chicken in texas).

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Hominy

Hominy (spanish: maíz molido; literally meaning "milled corn") is a food produced from dried maize (corn) kernels that have been treated with an alkali, in a process called nixtamalization (nextamalli is the nahuatl word for "hominy"). "lye hominy" is a type of hominy made with lye.

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Juniper berries

A juniper berry is the female seed cone produced by the various species of junipers. it is not a true berry, but a cone with unusually fleshy and merged scales, which gives it a berry-like appearance. the cones from a handful of species, especially juniperus communis, are used as a spice, particularly in european cuisine, and also give gin its distinctive flavour. juniper berries are among the only spices derived from conifers, along with spruce buds.

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Manzanita berries

Manzanita is a common name for many species of the genus arctostaphylos. they are evergreen shrubs or small trees present in the chaparral biome of western north america, where they occur from southern british columbia and washington to oregon, california, utah, arizona, new mexico, and texas in the united states, and throughout mexico. manzanitas can live in places with poor soil and little water. they are characterized by smooth orange or red bark and stiff, twisting branches. there are 105 species and subspecies of manzanita, 95 of which are found in the mediterranean climate and colder mountainous regions of california, ranging from ground-hugging coastal and mountain species to small trees up to 20 feet (6m) tall. manzanitas bloom in the winter to early spring and carry berries in spring and summer. the berries and flowers of most species are edible. the word manzanita is the spanish diminutive of manzana (apple). a literal translation would be little apple. the name manzanita is also sometimes used to refer to species in the related genus arbutus, which is known by that name in the canadian area of the tree's range, but is more usually known as madroño, or madrone in the united states.

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Oyster

Oyster is the common name for a number of different families of salt-water bivalve molluscs that live in marine or brackish habitats. in some species, the valves are highly calcified, and many are somewhat irregular in shape. many, but not all oysters are in the superfamily ostreoidea. some types of oysters are commonly consumed (cooked or raw), and in some locales are regarded as a delicacy. some types of pearl oysters are harvested for the pearl produced within the mantle. windowpane oysters are harvested for their translucent shells, which are used to make various kinds of decorative objects.

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Pemmican

Pemmican (also pemican in older sources) is a mixture of tallow, dried meat, and sometimes dried berries. a calorie-rich food, it can be used as a key component in prepared meals or eaten raw. historically, it was an important part of indigenous cuisine in certain parts of north america and it is still prepared today. the word comes from the cree word ᐱᒦᐦᑳᓐ (pimîhkân), which is derived from the word ᐱᒥᕀ (pimî), "fat, grease". the lakota (or sioux) word is wasná, originally meaning "grease derived from marrow bones", with the wa- creating a noun, and sná referring to small pieces that adhere to something. it was invented by the indigenous peoples of north america.pemmican was widely adopted as a high-energy food by europeans involved in the fur trade and later by arctic and antarctic explorers, such as captain robert bartlett, ernest shackleton, richard e. byrd, fridtjof nansen, robert falcon scott, george w. delong, and roald amundsen.

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Pheasant

Pheasants () are birds of several genera within the family phasianidae in the order galliformes. although they can be found all over the world in introduced (and captive) populations, the pheasant genera native range is restricted to eurasia. the classification "pheasant" is paraphyletic, as birds referred to as pheasants are included within both the subfamilies phasianinae and pavoninae, and in many cases are more closely related to smaller phasianids, grouse, and turkey (formerly classified in perdicinae, tetraoninae, and meleagridinae) than to other pheasants.pheasants are characterised by strong sexual dimorphism, males being highly decorated with bright colours and adornments such as wattles. males are usually larger than females and have longer tails. males play no part in rearing the young. pheasants eat mostly seeds, grains, roots, and berries, while in the summer they take advantage of insects, fresh green shoots, spiders, earthworms, and snails. the best-known is the common pheasant, which is widespread throughout the world, in introduced feral populations and in farm operations. various other pheasant species are popular in aviaries, such as the golden pheasant (chrysolophus pictus).

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Pronghorn

The pronghorn (uk: , us: ) (antilocapra americana) is a species of artiodactyl (even-toed, hoofed) mammal indigenous to interior western and central north america. though not an antelope, it is known colloquially in north america as the american antelope, prong buck, speed goat, pronghorn antelope, prairie antelope, or simply antelope because it closely resembles the antelopes of the old world and fills a similar ecological niche due to parallel evolution. it is the only surviving member of the family antilocapridae.during the pleistocene epoch, about 11 other antilocaprid species existed in north america. three other genera (capromeryx, stockoceros and tetrameryx) existed when humans entered north america but are now extinct. as a member of the superfamily giraffoidea, the pronghorn's closest living relatives are the giraffe and okapi. the giraffoidea are in turn members of the infraorder pecora, making pronghorns more distant relatives of the cervidae (deer) and bovidae (cattle, goats, sheep, antelopes, and gazelles), among others. the pronghorn is the fastest land mammal in the western hemisphere, with running speeds of up to 55 miles per hour (89 km/h). it is the symbol of the american society of mammalogists.

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Purslane

Portulaca oleracea (common purslane, also known as little hogweed, or pursley) is an annual (actually tropical perennial in usda growing zones 10–11) succulent in the family portulacaceae.

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Roast turkey

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Roast vegetables

Turnips, winter squash, timpsula (wild turnip)

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Salmon

Salmon () is the common name for several species of ray-finned fish in the family salmonidae. other fish in the same family include trout, char, grayling, and whitefish. salmon are native to tributaries of the north atlantic (genus salmo) and pacific ocean (genus oncorhynchus). many species of salmon have been introduced into non-native environments such as the great lakes of north america and patagonia in south america. salmon are intensively farmed in many parts of the world.typically, salmon are anadromous: they hatch in fresh water, migrate to the ocean, then return to fresh water to reproduce. however, populations of several species are restricted to fresh water throughout their lives. folklore has it that the fish return to the exact spot where they hatched to spawn. tracking studies have shown this to be mostly true. a portion of a returning salmon run may stray and spawn in different freshwater systems; the percent of straying depends on the species of salmon. homing behavior has been shown to depend on olfactory memory.

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Seaweed

Edible seaweed, or sea vegetables, are seaweeds that can be eaten and used for culinary purposes. they typically contain high amounts of fiber. they may belong to one of several groups of multicellular algae: the red algae, green algae, and brown algae.seaweeds are also harvested or cultivated for the extraction of polysaccharides such as alginate, agar and carrageenan, gelatinous substances collectively known as hydrocolloids or phycocolloids. hydrocolloids have attained commercial significance, especially in food production as food additives. the food industry exploits the gelling, water-retention, emulsifying and other physical properties of these hydrocolloids.most edible seaweeds are marine algae whereas most freshwater algae are toxic. some marine algae contain acids that irritate the digestion canal, while some others can have a laxative and electrolyte-balancing effect. most marine macroalgae are nontoxic in normal quantities, but members of the genus lyngbya are potentially lethal. typically poisoning is caused by eating fish which have fed on lyngbya or on other fish which have done so. this is called ciguatera poisoning. handling lyngbya majuscula can also cause seaweed dermatitis. some species of desmarestia are highly acidic, with vacuoles of sulfuric acid that can cause severe gastrointestinal problems.the dish often served in western chinese restaurants as 'crispy seaweed' is not seaweed but cabbage that has been dried and then fried.

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Shrimp

Shrimp are crustaceans with elongated bodies and a primarily swimming mode of locomotion – most commonly caridea and dendrobranchiata of the decapod order, although some crustaceans outside of this order are referred to as "shrimp". more narrow definitions may be restricted to caridea, to smaller species of either group or to only the marine species. under a broader definition, shrimp may be synonymous with prawn, covering stalk-eyed swimming crustaceans with long, narrow muscular tails (abdomens), long whiskers (antennae), and slender legs. any small crustacean which resembles a shrimp tends to be called one. they swim forward by paddling with swimmerets on the underside of their abdomens, although their escape response is typically repeated flicks with the tail driving them backwards very quickly. crabs and lobsters have strong walking legs, whereas shrimp have thin, fragile legs which they use primarily for perching.shrimp are widespread and abundant. there are thousands of species adapted to a wide range of habitats. they can be found feeding near the seafloor on most coasts and estuaries, as well as in rivers and lakes. to escape predators, some species flip off the seafloor and dive into the sediment. they usually live from one to seven years. shrimp are often solitary, though they can form large schools during the spawning season.they play important roles in the food chain and are an important food source for larger animals ranging from fish to whales. the muscular tails of many shrimp are edible to humans, and they are widely caught and farmed for human consumption. commercial shrimp species support an industry worth 50 billion dollars a year, and in 2010 the total commercial production of shrimp was nearly 7 million tonnes. shrimp farming became more prevalent during the 1980s, particularly in china, and by 2007 the harvest from shrimp farms exceeded the capture of wild shrimp. there are significant issues with excessive bycatch when shrimp are captured in the wild, and with pollution damage done to estuaries when they are used to support shrimp farming. many shrimp species are small as the term shrimp suggests, about 2 cm (0.79 in) long, but some shrimp exceed 25 cm (9.8 in). larger shrimp are more likely to be targeted commercially and are often referred to as prawns, particularly in britain.

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Taniga

Soup with intestine and timpsula (wild turnip)

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Tepary beans

Phaseolus acutifolius, or the tepary bean, is a legume native to the southwestern united states and mexico and has been grown there by the native peoples since pre-columbian times. it is more drought-resistant than the common bean (phaseolus vulgaris) and is grown in desert and semi-desert conditions from arizona through mexico to costa rica. the waters requirements are low and the crop will grow in areas where annual rainfall is less than 400 mm (16 in).

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Three sisters

The three sisters are the three main agricultural crops of various indigenous peoples of north america: winter squash, maize ("corn"), and climbing beans (typically tepary beans or common beans). originating in mesoamerica, these three crops were carried northward, up the river valleys over generations, far afield to the mandan and iroquois who, among others, used these three sisters for food and trade.

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Timpsila

Psoralea esculenta, common name prairie turnip or timpsula, is an herbaceous perennial plant native to prairies and dry woodlands of central north america, which bears a starchy tuberous root edible as a root vegetable. the plant is also known as pediomelum esculentum. english names for the plant include tipsin, teepsenee, breadroot, breadroot scurf pea, large indian breadroot and pomme blanche. the prairie turnip was a staple food of the plains indians. a related species, psoralea hypogaea, the little breadroot, is also edible, although the plant and root are smaller. another species, psoralea argophylla, was probably harvested for food only in times of famine.

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Trout

Trout are species of freshwater fish belonging to the genera oncorhynchus, salmo and salvelinus, all of the subfamily salmoninae of the family salmonidae. the word trout is also used as part of the name of some non-salmonid fish such as cynoscion nebulosus, the spotted seatrout or speckled trout. trout are closely related to salmon and char (or charr): species termed salmon and char occur in the same genera as do fish called trout (oncorhynchus – pacific salmon and trout, salmo – atlantic salmon and various trout, salvelinus – char and trout). lake trout and most other trout live in freshwater lakes and rivers exclusively, while there are others, such as the steelhead, a form of the coastal rainbow trout, that can spend two or three years at sea before returning to fresh water to spawn (a habit more typical of salmon). arctic char and brook trout are part of the char genus. trout are an important food source for humans and wildlife, including brown bears, birds of prey such as eagles, and other animals. they are classified as oily fish.

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Turkey

The turkey is a large bird in the genus meleagris, native to north america. there are two extant turkey species: the wild turkey (meleagris gallopavo) of eastern and central north america and the ocellated turkey (meleagris ocellata) of the yucatán peninsula in mexico. males of both turkey species have a distinctive fleshy wattle, called a snood, that hangs from the top of the beak. they are among the largest birds in their ranges. as with many large ground-feeding birds (order galliformes), the male is bigger and much more colorful than the female. the earliest turkeys evolved in north america over 20 million years ago. they share a recent common ancestor with grouse, pheasants, and other fowl. the wild turkey species is the ancestor of the domestic turkey, which was domesticated approximately 2,000 years ago.

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Venison

Venison originally meant the meat of a game animal but now refers primarily to the meat of antlered ungulates such as elk or deer (or antelope in south africa). venison can be used to refer to any part of the animal, so long as it is edible, including the internal organs. venison, much like beef or pork, is categorized into specific cuts, including roast, sirloin, and ribs.

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Wild rice

Wild rice, also called canada rice, indian rice, or water oats, is any of four species of grasses that form the genus zizania, and the grain that can be harvested from them. the grain was historically gathered and eaten in both north america and china, but eaten less in china, where the plant's stem is used as a vegetable. wild rice is not directly related to domesticated rice (oryza sativa and oryza glaberrima), although they are close cousins, all belonging to the tribe oryzeae. wild-rice grains have a chewy outer sheath with a tender inner grain that has a slightly vegetal taste.the plants grow in shallow water in small lakes and slow-flowing streams; often, only the flowering head of wild rice rises above the water. the grain is eaten by dabbling ducks and other aquatic wildlife.

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Wojapi

Fruit preserves are preparations of fruits whose main preserving agent is sugar and sometimes acid, often stored in glass jars and used as a condiment or spread. there are many varieties of fruit preserves globally, distinguished by method of preparation, type of fruit used, and place in a meal. sweet fruit preserves such as jams, jellies and marmalades are often eaten at breakfast with bread or as an ingredient of a pastry or dessert, whereas more savory and acidic preserves made from "vegetable fruits" such as tomato, squash or zucchini, are eaten alongside savoury foods such as cheese, cold meats, and curries.

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Wood sorrel greens

Oxalis ( (american english) or (british english)) is a large genus of flowering plants in the wood-sorrel family oxalidaceae, comprising over 550 species. the genus occurs throughout most of the world, except for the polar areas; species diversity is particularly rich in tropical brazil, mexico, and south africa. many of the species are known as wood sorrels (sometimes written "woodsorrels" or "wood-sorrels") as they have an acidic taste reminiscent of the sorrel proper (rumex acetosa), which is only distantly related. some species are called yellow sorrels or pink sorrels after the color of their flowers instead. other species are colloquially known as false shamrocks, and some called sourgrasses. for the genus as a whole, the term oxalises is also used.