Breakfast

Bacon

Bacon is a type of salt-cured pork made from various cuts, typically the belly or less fatty parts of the back. it is eaten as a side dish (particularly in breakfasts), used as a central ingredient (e.g., the bacon, lettuce, and tomato sandwich (blt)), or as a flavouring or accent (as in bacon bits in a salad). bacon is also used for barding and larding roasts, especially game, including venison and pheasant, and may also be used to insulate or flavour roast joints by being layered onto the meat. the word is derived from the proto-germanic *bakkon, meaning "back meat". meat from other animals, such as beef, lamb, chicken, goat, or turkey, may also be cut, cured, or otherwise prepared to resemble bacon, and may even be referred to as, for example, "turkey bacon". such use is common in areas with significant jewish and muslim populations as both religions prohibit the consumption of pork. vegetarian bacons such as "soy bacon" also exist.

Main

Beef

Beef is the culinary name for meat from cattle (bos taurus). in prehistoric times, humans hunted aurochs and later domesticated them. since that time, numerous breeds of cattle have been bred specifically for the quality or quantity of their meat. today, beef is the third most widely consumed meat in the world, after pork and poultry. as of 2018, the united states, brazil, and china were the largest producers of beef. beef can be prepared in various ways; cuts are often used for steak, which can be cooked to varying degrees of doneness, while trimmings are often ground or minced, as found in most hamburgers. beef contains protein, iron, and vitamin b12. along with other kinds of red meat, high consumption is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer and coronary heart disease, especially when processed. beef has a high environmental impact, being a primary driver of deforestation with the highest greenhouse gas emissions of any agricultural product.

Dessert, Sweet

Biscuits

A biscuit is a flour-based baked and shaped food product. in most countries biscuits are typically hard, flat, and unleavened. they are usually sweet and may be made with sugar, chocolate, icing, jam, ginger, or cinnamon. they can also be savoury, similar to crackers. biscuit may also refer to hard flour-based baked animal feed, as with dog biscuit. in most of north america, nearly all hard sweet biscuits are called "cookies", while the term "biscuit" is used for a soft, leavened quick bread similar to a scone - see biscuit (bread). types of biscuit include sandwich biscuits, digestive biscuits, ginger biscuits, shortbread biscuits, chocolate chip cookies, chocolate-coated marshmallow treats, anzac biscuits, biscotti, and speculaas.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Bread

Bread is a staple food prepared from a dough of flour (usually wheat) and water, usually by baking. throughout recorded history and around the world, it has been an important part of many cultures' diet. it is one of the oldest human-made foods, having been of significance since the dawn of agriculture, and plays an essential role in both religious rituals and secular culture. bread may be leavened by naturally occurring microbes (e.g. sourdough), chemicals (e.g. baking soda), industrially produced yeast, or high-pressure aeration, which creates the gas bubbles that fluff up bread. in many countries, commercial bread often contains additives to improve flavor, texture, color, shelf life, nutrition, and ease of production.

Dessert, Sweet

Cake

Cake is a flour confection made from flour, sugar, and other ingredients, and is usually baked. in their oldest forms, cakes were modifications of bread, but cakes now cover a wide range of preparations that can be simple or elaborate, and which share features with desserts such as pastries, meringues, custards, and pies. the most common ingredients include flour, sugar, eggs, fat (such as butter, oil or margarine), a liquid, and a leavening agent, such as baking soda or baking powder. common additional ingredients include dried, candied, or fresh fruit, nuts, cocoa, and extracts such as vanilla, with numerous substitutions for the primary ingredients. cakes can also be filled with fruit preserves, nuts or dessert sauces (like custard, jelly, cooked fruit, whipped cream or syrups), iced with buttercream or other icings, and decorated with marzipan, piped borders, or candied fruit. cake is often served as a celebratory dish on ceremonial occasions, such as weddings, anniversaries, and birthdays. there are countless cake recipes; some are bread-like, some are rich and elaborate, and many are centuries old. cake making is no longer a complicated procedure; while at one time considerable labor went into cake making (particularly the whisking of egg foams), baking equipment and directions have been simplified so that even the most amateur of cooks may bake a cake.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Canned fruit

Dessert, Sweet

Carrot cake

Carrot cake (also known as passion cake) is cake that contains carrots mixed into the batter. most modern carrot cake recipes have a white cream cheese frosting. sometimes nuts such as walnuts or pecans are added into the cake batter, as well as spices such as cinnamon, ginger and ground mixed spice. fruit including pineapple, raisins and shredded coconut can also be used to add a natural sweetness.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Cauliflower cheese

Cauliflower cheese is a traditional british dish. it can be eaten as a main course, for lunch or dinner, or as a side dish. cauliflower cheese consists of pieces of cauliflower lightly boiled and covered with a milk-based cheese sauce, for which a mature cheese (such as cheddar) tends to be preferred. a more elaborate white sauce or cheddar cheese sauce flavoured with english mustard and nutmeg may also be used. the dish is topped with grated cheese (sometimes mixed with bread crumbs) and baked in the oven to finish it.

Main

Cazuela de mariscos

Cazuela de mariscos is a popular seafood stew from the caribbean region of colombia (especially cartagena, barranquilla and santa marta). its preparation, as well as its ingredients, tend to vary slightly in different regions. it may have been influenced by the catalonia region in spain.it includes ingredients such as lobster, prawns, shrimp, fish, clams, squid, fried vegetable stew (onion, carrot, pepper, tomato and spices) and optionally cream, white wine and parmesan cheese (if grated), all cooked in coconut milk.to prepare the dish, the clams need to be steamed with water, stirred well so that they are evenly heated, and then removed. the water can be strained through a fine cloth to remove any sand and then reserved. meat is removed from the clams that have opened. prawns and shrimp are cooked in hot water for a few minutes minutes, removed and peeled. then, the prawns, shrimp, clams, and fish are baked for several minutes in the oven and placed in the broth with tomato paste and the reserved clam broth and simmered for several minutes. once the desired consistency is obtained, wine can then be added and cooked down. the dish can be served in black clay pots that are heated in the oven or on the fire. cream can also be added.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Cheese

Cheese is a dairy product produced in wide ranges of flavors, textures, and forms by coagulation of the milk protein casein. it comprises proteins and fat from milk, usually the milk of cows, buffalo, goats, or sheep. during production, milk is usually acidified and the enzymes of either rennet or bacterial enzymes with similar activity are added to cause the casein to coagulate. the solid curds are then separated from the liquid whey and pressed into finished cheese. some cheeses have aromatic molds on the rind, the outer layer, or throughout. over a thousand types of cheese exist and are produced in various countries. their styles, textures and flavors depend on the origin of the milk (including the animal's diet), whether they have been pasteurized, the butterfat content, the bacteria and mold, the processing, and how long they have been aged for. herbs, spices, or wood smoke may be used as flavoring agents. the yellow to red color of many cheeses is produced by adding annatto. other ingredients may be added to some cheeses, such as black pepper, garlic, chives or cranberries. a cheesemonger, or specialist seller of cheeses, may have expertise with selecting the cheeses, purchasing, receiving, storing and ripening them.for a few cheeses, the milk is curdled by adding acids such as vinegar or lemon juice. most cheeses are acidified to a lesser degree by bacteria, which turn milk sugars into lactic acid, then the addition of rennet completes the curdling. vegetarian alternatives to rennet are available; most are produced by fermentation of the fungus mucor miehei, but others have been extracted from various species of the cynara thistle family. non-vegan cheese has a high carbon footprint. cheesemakers near a dairy region may benefit from fresher, lower-priced milk, and lower shipping costs. cheese is valued for its portability, long shelf life, and high content of fat, protein, calcium, and phosphorus. cheese is more compact and has a longer shelf life than milk, although how long a cheese will keep depends on the type of cheese. hard cheeses, such as parmesan, last longer than soft cheeses, such as brie or goat's milk cheese. the long storage life of some cheeses, especially when encased in a protective rind, allows selling when markets are favorable. vacuum packaging of block-shaped cheeses and gas-flushing of plastic bags with mixtures of carbon dioxide and nitrogen are used for storage and mass distribution of cheeses in the 21st century.

Main

Cheese toastie

A grilled cheese (sometimes known as a toasted sandwich or cheese toastie) is a hot sandwich typically prepared by heating one or more slices of cheese between slices of bread, with a cooking fat such as butter, on a frying pan, griddle, or sandwich toaster, until the bread browns and the cheese melts.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Chips

French fries (north american english), chips (british english), finger chips (indian english), french-fried potatoes, or simply fries, are batonnet or allumette-cut deep-fried potatoes, disputed origin from belgium and france. they are prepared by cutting potatoes into even strips, drying them, and frying them, usually in a deep fryer. pre-cut, blanched, and frozen russet potatoes are widely used, and sometimes baked in a regular or convection oven; air fryers are small convection ovens marketed for frying potatoes. french fries are served hot, either soft or crispy, and are generally eaten as part of lunch or dinner or by themselves as a snack, and they commonly appear on the menus of diners, fast food restaurants, pubs, and bars. they are often salted and may be served with ketchup, vinegar, mayonnaise, tomato sauce, or other local specialities. fries can be topped more heavily, as in the dishes of poutine or chili cheese fries. french fries can be made from sweet potatoes instead of potatoes. a baked variant, oven fries, uses less or no oil.

Dessert, Sweet

Chocolate cake

Chocolate cake or chocolate gâteau (from french: gâteau au chocolat) is a cake flavored with melted chocolate, cocoa powder, or both.

Main

Chop suey

Chop suey () is a dish in american chinese cuisine and other forms of overseas chinese cuisine, consisting of meat (often chicken, fish, beef, shrimp, or pork) and eggs, cooked quickly with vegetables such as bean sprouts, cabbage, and celery and bound in a starch-thickened sauce. it is typically served with rice but can become the chinese-american form of chow mein with the substitution of stir-fried noodles for rice. chop suey has become a prominent part of american chinese cuisine, filipino cuisine, canadian chinese cuisine, german chinese cuisine, indian chinese cuisine, and polynesian cuisine. in chinese indonesian cuisine it is known as cap cai (雜菜, "mixed vegetables") and mainly consists of vegetables.

Drink

Cider

Cider ( sy-dər) is an alcoholic beverage made from the fermented juice of apples. cider is widely available in the united kingdom (particularly in the west country) and the republic of ireland. the uk has the world's highest per capita consumption, as well as the largest cider-producing companies. ciders from the south west of england are generally stronger. cider is also popular in many commonwealth countries, such as india, canada, australia, and new zealand. as well as the uk and its former colonies, cider is popular in portugal (mainly in minho and madeira), france (particularly normandy and brittany), northern italy (piedmont and friuli), and northern spain (especially the principality of asturias and the basque country). central europe also has its own types of cider with rhineland-palatinate and hesse producing a particularly tart version known as apfelwein. in the u.s., varieties of fermented cider are often called hard cider to distinguish alcoholic cider from non-alcoholic apple cider or "sweet cider", also made from apples. in canada, cider cannot contain less than 2.5% or over 13% absolute alcohol by volume.the juice of most varieties of apple, including crab apples, can be used to make cider, but cider apples are best. the addition of sugar or extra fruit before a second fermentation increases the ethanol content of the resulting beverage. cider alcohol content varies from 1.2% to 8.5% abv or more in traditional english ciders, and 3.5% to 12% in continental ciders. in uk law, it must contain at least 35% apple juice (fresh or from concentrate), although camra (the campaign for real ale) says that "real cider" must be at least 90% fresh apple juice. in the us, there is a 50% minimum. in france, cider must be made solely from apples.in 2014, a study found that a 1-us-pint (470 ml) bottle of mass-market cider contained five teaspoons (20.5 g) of sugar, nearly the amount the who recommends as an adult's daily allowance of added sugar, and 5–10 times the amount of sugar in lager or ale.perry is a similar product to cider made from fermented pear juice. when distilled, cider turns into fruit brandy.

Main

Clam

Clam is a common name for several kinds of bivalve molluscs. the word is often applied only to those that are edible and live as infauna, spending most of their lives halfway buried in the sand of the seafloor or riverbeds. clams have two shells of equal size connected by two adductor muscles and have a powerful burrowing foot. they live in both freshwater and marine environments; in salt water they prefer to burrow down into the mud and the turbidity of the water required varies with species and location; the greatest diversity of these is in north america.clams in the culinary sense do not live attached to a substrate (whereas oysters and mussels do) and do not live near the bottom (whereas scallops do). in culinary usage, clams are commonly eaten marine bivalves, as in clam digging and the resulting soup, clam chowder. many edible clams such as palourde clams are ovoid or triangular; however, razor clams have an elongated parallel-sided shell, suggesting an old-fashioned straight razor.some clams have life cycles of only one year, while at least one may be over 500 years old. all clams have two calcareous shells or valves joined near a hinge with a flexible ligament and all are filter feeders.

Drink

Cocktail

A cocktail is an alcoholic mixed drink. most commonly, cocktails are either a combination of spirits, or one or more spirits mixed with other ingredients such as tonic water, fruit juice, flavored syrup, or cream. cocktails vary widely across regions of the world, and many websites publish both original recipes and their own interpretations of older and more famous cocktails.

Drink

Coffee

Coffee is a brewed drink prepared from roasted coffee beans, the seeds of berries from certain flowering plants in the coffea genus. from the coffee fruit, the seeds are separated to produce a stable, raw product: unroasted green coffee. the seeds are then roasted, a process which transforms them into a consumable product: roasted coffee, which is ground into fine particles that are typically steeped in hot water before being filtered out, producing a cup of coffee. coffee is darkly colored, bitter, slightly acidic and has a stimulating effect in humans, primarily due to its caffeine content. it is one of the most popular drinks in the world and can be prepared and presented in a variety of ways (e.g., espresso, french press, caffè latte, or already-brewed canned coffee). it is usually served hot, although chilled or iced coffee is common. sugar, sugar substitutes, milk or cream are often used to lessen the bitter taste or enhance the flavor. it may be served with coffee cake or another sweet dessert, like doughnuts. a commercial establishment that sells prepared coffee beverages is known as a coffeehouse or coffee shop (not to be confused with dutch coffeeshops selling cannabis). clinical research indicates that moderate coffee consumption is benign or mildly beneficial as a stimulant in healthy adults, with continuing research on whether long-term consumption has positive or negative effects.though coffee is now a global commodity, it has a long history tied closely to food traditions around the red sea. the earliest credible evidence of the drinking of coffee in the form of the modern beverage appears in modern-day yemen from the mid-15th century in sufi shrines, where coffee seeds were first roasted and brewed in a manner similar to current methods. the yemenis procured the coffee beans from the ethiopian highlands via coastal somali intermediaries and began cultivation. by the 16th century, the drink had reached the rest of the middle east and north africa, later spreading to europe. in the 20th century, coffee became a much more global commodity, creating different coffee cultures around the world. the two most commonly grown coffee bean types are c. arabica and c. robusta. coffee plants are cultivated in over 70 countries, primarily in the equatorial regions of the americas, southeast asia, the indian subcontinent, and africa. as of 2018, brazil was the leading grower of coffee beans, producing 35% of the world total. coffee is a major export commodity as the leading legal agricultural export for numerous countries. it is one of the most valuable commodities exported by developing countries. green, unroasted coffee is the most traded agricultural commodity and one of the most traded commodities overall, second only to petroleum. despite the sales of coffee reaching billions of dollars, those actually producing the beans are disproportionately living in poverty. critics also point to the coffee industry's negative impact on the environment and the clearing of land for coffee-growing and water use. the environmental costs and wage disparity of farmers are causing the market for fair trade and organic coffee to expand.

Main

Curry

A curry is a dish with a sauce seasoned with spices, mainly associated with south asian cuisine. in southern india, leaves from the curry tree may be included.there are many varieties of curry. in traditional cuisines, the selection of spices for each dish is a matter of national or regional cultural tradition, religious practice, and preference of the chef. such dishes have names that refer to their ingredients, spicing, and cooking methods. outside the indian subcontinent, a curry is a dish from southeast asia which uses coconut milk or spice pastes, commonly eaten over rice. curries may contain fish, meat, poultry, or shellfish, either alone or in combination with vegetables. others are vegetarian. dry curries are cooked using small amounts of liquid, which is allowed to evaporate, leaving the other ingredients coated with the spice mixture. wet curries contain significant amounts of sauce or gravy based on broth, coconut cream or coconut milk, dairy cream or yogurt, or legume purée, sautéed crushed onion, or tomato purée. curry powder, a commercially prepared mixture of spices marketed in the west, was first exported to britain in the 18th century when indian merchants sold a concoction of spices, similar to garam masala, to the british colonial government and army returning to britain.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Diddle-dee

Empetrum rubrum, known as red crowberry or diddle-dee (chilean spanish: murtilla de magallanes), is a species of plant in the family ericaceae with a distributional range in chile from talca (35°s) to cape horn (55°s); in areas of adjacent argentina; in the falkland islands; and in tristan da cunha. one of its northernmost natural growing places is laguna del maule. in chile this species often grows in high altitude areas close to the tree line and can tolerate alpine conditions such as strong winds and high sun exposure. in the falkland islands it is the dominant species across large areas of lowland and upland dwarf shrub heath, and is referenced in the islands' unofficial national anthem. its fruits are edible.

Main

Duck

In cooking and gastronomy, duck or duckling is the meat of several species of bird in the family anatidae, found in both fresh and salt water. duck is eaten in many cuisines around the world. it is a high-fat, high-protein meat rich in iron. duckling nominally comes from a juvenile animal, but may be simply a menu name. one species of freshwater duck, the mallard, has been domesticated and is a common livestock bird in many cultures. the pekin duck is another livestock breed of importance, particularly in north america. magret refers specifically to the breast of a mulard or muscovy (or barbary) duck that has been force fed to produce foie gras.

Breakfast

Eggs

Eggs are laid by female animals of many different species, including birds, reptiles, amphibians, a few mammals, and fish, and many of these have been eaten by humans for thousands of years. bird and reptile eggs consist of a protective eggshell, albumen (egg white), and vitellus (egg yolk), contained within various thin membranes. the most commonly consumed eggs are chicken eggs. other poultry eggs including those of duck and quail also are eaten. fish eggs are called roe and caviar. egg yolks and whole eggs store significant amounts of protein and choline, and are widely used in cookery. due to their protein content, the united states department of agriculture formerly categorized eggs as meats within the food guide pyramid (now myplate). despite the nutritional value of eggs, there are some potential health issues arising from cholesterol content, salmonella contamination, and allergy to egg proteins. chickens and other egg-laying creatures are kept widely throughout the world and mass production of chicken eggs is a global industry. in 2009, an estimated 62.1 million metric tons of eggs were produced worldwide from a total laying flock of approximately 6.4 billion hens. there are issues of regional variation in demand and expectation, as well as current debates concerning methods of mass production. in 2012, the european union banned battery husbandry of chickens.

Drink

Falkland Beerworks

Main

Fish

Grilled, pan-seared

Main

Fish and chips

Fish and chips is a popular hot dish consisting of fried fish in crispy batter, served with chips. the dish originated in england, where these two components had been introduced from separate immigrant cultures; it is not known who created the culinary fusion that became the emblematic british meal. often considered britain's national dish, fish and chips is a common take-away food in the united kingdom and numerous other countries, particularly in english-speaking and commonwealth nations.fish and chip shops first appeared in the uk in the 1860s, and by 1910, there were over 25,000 fish and chip shops across the uk. by the 1930s there were over 35,000 shops, but the trend reversed, and by 2009 there were only approximately 10,000. the british government safeguarded the supply of fish and chips during the first world war, and again in the second world war; it was one of the few foods in the uk not subject to rationing during the wars.

Dessert, Sweet

Flapjack

A flapjack (also known as a muesli bar, cereal bar, oat bar or oat slice) is a baked bar, cooked in a flat oven tin and cut into squares or rectangles, made from rolled oats, fat (typically butter), brown sugar and usually golden syrup.the snack is similar to the north american granola bar.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Fritters

Dessert, Sweet

Fruit

In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants that is formed from the ovary after flowering. fruits are the means by which flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) disseminate their seeds. edible fruits in particular have long propagated using the movements of humans and animals in a symbiotic relationship that is the means for seed dispersal for the one group and nutrition for the other; in fact, humans and many animals have become dependent on fruits as a source of food. consequently, fruits account for a substantial fraction of the world's agricultural output, and some (such as the apple and the pomegranate) have acquired extensive cultural and symbolic meanings. in common language usage, "fruit" normally means the seed-associated fleshy structures (or produce) of plants that typically are sweet or sour and edible in the raw state, such as apples, bananas, grapes, lemons, oranges, and strawberries. in botanical usage, the term "fruit" also includes many structures that are not commonly called "fruits" in everyday language, such as nuts, bean pods, corn kernels, tomatoes, and wheat grains.

Breakfast

Full English breakfast

A full breakfast is a substantial cooked breakfast meal, often served in the united kingdom and ireland, that typically includes bacon, sausages, eggs, black pudding, baked beans, tomatoes, mushrooms, toast, and a beverage such as coffee or tea. it appears in different regional variants and is referred to by different names depending on the area. while it is colloquially known as a "fry up" in most areas of the uk and ireland, it is usually referred to as a "full english" (often "full english breakfast"), a "full irish", "full scottish", "full welsh", and "ulster fry", in england, the republic of ireland, scotland, wales, and northern ireland, respectively. it is so popular in great britain and ireland that many cafes and pubs offer the meal at any time of day as an "all-day breakfast". it is also popular in many commonwealth nations. the full breakfast is among the most internationally recognised british dishes along with bangers and mash, shepherd's pie, fish and chips, roast beef, sunday roast and the christmas dinner.on its origin, country life magazine states, "the idea of the english breakfast as a national dish goes right back to the 13th century and the country houses of the gentry. in the old anglo-saxon tradition of hospitality, households would provide hearty breakfasts for visiting friends, relatives and neighbours". the fried breakfast became popular in great britain and ireland during the victorian era, and appears as one among many suggested breakfasts in home economist isabella beeton's book of household management (1861). its popularity soared post-world war ii and it became a staple of the working class. the protein-centric full breakfast is often contrasted (e.g. on hotel menus) with the lighter, carbohydrate-based alternative of a continental breakfast.

Main

Gammon

Gammon is the hind leg of pork after it has been cured by dry-salting or brining, which may or may not be smoked. strictly speaking, a gammon is the bottom end of a whole side of bacon (which includes the back leg), ham is just the back leg cured on its own. like bacon, it must be cooked before it can be eaten; in that sense gammon is comparable to fresh pork meat, and different from dry-cured ham like prosciutto. the term is mostly used in the united kingdom and ireland, while other dialects of english largely make no distinction between gammon and ham. ham hock, gammon hock, or knuckle, is the back end of the joint, and contains more connective tissue and sinew.in the united kingdom and ireland, joints of cooked gammon are often served at christmas. it can be found in most supermarkets either as a full joint or sliced into steaks, which can then be cooked via pan frying in a manner similar to bacon. the word 'gammon' is derived from the middle english word for 'ham', gambon, which is attested since the early 15th century and derived from old north french gambon, itself derived from old french jambon, which is identical to the modern french word for 'ham'. old french jambon is attested since the 13th century and is derived from old french jambe (gambe in old north french) which in turn is derived from the late latin gamba, meaning 'leg/hock of a horse/animal', which can ultimately be traced to greek kampe meaning 'a bending/a joint', which is from proto-indo-european *kamp- (“to bend; crooked”). in some english dialects a similarly derived 'gambol' refers to a 'leg'.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Green peas

The pea is most commonly the small spherical seed or the seed-pod of the pod fruit pisum sativum. each pod contains several peas, which can be green or yellow. botanically, pea pods are fruit, since they contain seeds and develop from the ovary of a (pea) flower. the name is also used to describe other edible seeds from the fabaceae such as the pigeon pea (cajanus cajan), the cowpea (vigna unguiculata), and the seeds from several species of lathyrus. peas are annual plants, with a life cycle of one year. they are a cool-season crop grown in many parts of the world; planting can take place from winter to early summer depending on location. the average pea weighs between 0.1 and 0.36 gram. the immature peas (and in snow peas the tender pod as well) are used as a vegetable, fresh, frozen or canned; varieties of the species typically called field peas are grown to produce dry peas like the split pea shelled from a matured pod. these are the basis of pease porridge and pea soup, staples of medieval cuisine; in europe, consuming fresh immature green peas was an innovation of early modern cuisine.

Main

Hamburger

A hamburger (or burger for short) is a food consisting of fillings —usually a patty of ground meat, typically beef—placed inside a sliced bun or bread roll. hamburgers are often served with cheese, lettuce, tomato, onion, pickles, bacon, or chilis; condiments such as ketchup, mustard, mayonnaise, relish, or a "special sauce", often a variation of thousand island dressing; and are frequently placed on sesame seed buns. a hamburger topped with cheese is called a cheeseburger.the term burger can also be applied to the meat patty on its own, especially in the united kingdom, where the term patty is rarely used, or the term can even refer simply to ground beef. since the term hamburger usually implies beef, for clarity burger may be prefixed with the type of meat or meat substitute used, as in beef burger, turkey burger, bison burger, portobello burger, or veggie burger. in australia and new zealand, a piece of chicken breast on a bun is known as a chicken burger, which would generally not be considered to be a burger in the united states; where it would generally be called a chicken sandwich, but in australian english and new zealand english a sandwich requires sliced bread (not a bun), so it would not be considered a sandwich.hamburgers are typically sold at fast-food restaurants, diners, and specialty and high-end restaurants. there are many international and regional variations of hamburgers.

Drink

Hot chocolate

Hot chocolate, also known as hot cocoa or drinking chocolate, is heated chocolate milk. hot chocolate made with melted chocolate is sometimes called drinking chocolate, characterized by less sweetness and a thicker consistency.the first chocolate drink is believed to have been created by the maya around 2,500–3,000 years ago, and a cocoa drink was an essential part of aztec culture by 1400 ad, by which they referred to as xocōlātl. the drink became popular in europe after being introduced from mexico in the new world and has undergone multiple changes since then. until the 19th century, hot chocolate was used medicinally to treat ailments such as liver and stomach diseases. hot chocolate is consumed throughout the world and comes in multiple variations, including the spiced chocolate para mesa of latin america, the very thick cioccolata calda served in italy and chocolate a la taza served in spain, and the thinner hot cocoa consumed in the united states. prepared hot chocolate can be purchased from a range of establishments, including cafeterias, fast food restaurants, coffeehouses and teahouses. powdered hot chocolate mixes, which can be added to boiling water or hot milk to make the drink at home, are sold at grocery stores and online.

Drink

Hot toddy

A hot toddy, also known as hot whiskey in ireland, is typically a mixed drink made of liquor and water with honey (or, in some recipes, sugar), herbs (such as tea) and spices, and served hot. hot toddy recipes vary and are traditionally drunk before retiring for the night, in wet or cold weather or to relieve the symptoms of the cold and flu. in how to drink, victoria moore describes the drink as "the vitamin c for health, the honey to soothe, the alcohol to numb."

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Jam

Fruit preserves are preparations of fruits whose main preserving agent is sugar and sometimes acid, often stored in glass jars and used as a condiment or spread. there are many varieties of fruit preserves globally, distinguished by method of preparation, type of fruit used, and place in a meal. sweet fruit preserves such as jams, jellies and marmalades are often eaten at breakfast with bread or as an ingredient of a pastry or dessert, whereas more savory and acidic preserves made from "vegetable fruits" such as tomato, squash or zucchini, are eaten alongside savoury foods such as cheese, cold meats, and curries.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Jam

Diddle dee jam, teaberry jam, etc.

Main

Lamb

Lamb, hogget, and mutton, generically sheep meat, are the meat of domestic sheep, ovis aries. a sheep in its first year is a lamb and its meat is also lamb. the meat from sheep in their second year is hogget. older sheep meat is mutton. generally, "hogget" and "sheep meat" are not used by consumers outside norway, new zealand, south africa and australia. hogget has become more common in england, particularly in the north (lancashire and yorkshire) often in association with rare breed and organic farming. in south asian and caribbean cuisine, "mutton" often means goat meat. at various times and places, "mutton" or "goat mutton" has occasionally been used to mean goat meat.lamb is the most expensive of the three types and in recent decades sheep meat is increasingly only retailed as "lamb", sometimes stretching the accepted distinctions given above. the stronger-tasting mutton is now hard to find in many areas, despite the efforts of the mutton renaissance campaign in the uk. in australia, the term prime lamb is often used to refer to lambs raised for meat. other languages, for example french, spanish, italian and arabic, make similar or even more detailed distinctions among sheep meats by age and sometimes by sex and diet—for example, lechazo in spanish refers to meat from milk-fed (unweaned) lambs.

Main

Lamb casserole

Main

Lamb kebab

Kebab is a cooked meat dish, with its origins in middle eastern cuisines. many variants are popular around the world. kebabs consist of cut up or ground meat, sometimes with vegetables, and various other accompaniments according to the specific recipe. although kebabs are typically cooked on a skewer over a fire, some kebab dishes are baked in a pan in an oven or prepared as a stew such as tas kebab. the traditional meat for kebabs is most often mutton or lamb, but regional recipes may include beef, goat, chicken, fish, and sometimes pork depending on whether or not there are specific religious prohibitions.

Main

Lamb roast

Main

Lasagne

Lasagne (us: , also uk: , italian: [laˈzaɲɲe]; singular lasagna, italian: [laˈzaɲɲa]) are a type of pasta, possibly one of the oldest types, made of very wide, flat sheets. either term can also refer to an italian dish made of stacked layers of lasagne alternating with fillings such as ragù (ground meats and tomato sauce), vegetables, cheeses (which may include ricotta, mozzarella, and parmesan), and seasonings and spices, like italian seasoning, such as garlic, oregano and basil. the dish may be topped with grated cheese, which becomes melted after baking. typically cooked pasta is assembled with the other ingredients and then baked in an oven. the resulting baked pasta is cut into single-serving square portions.

Dessert, Sweet

Lemon meringue pie

Lemon meringue pie is a type of dessert pie, consisting of a shortened pastry base filled with lemon curd and topped with meringue.

Main

Meat pie

A meat pie is a pie with a filling of meat and often other savory ingredients. they are found in cuisines worldwide. meat pies are usually baked, fried, or deep fried to brown them and develop the flavour through the maillard reaction. many varieties have a flaky crust.

Main

Milanesa

The milanesa is a south american variation of the lombard veal milanese, or the austrian wiener schnitzel, where generic types of meat breaded cutlet preparations are known as a milanesa.the milanesa was brought to the southern cone by italian immigrants during the mass emigration that created the italian diaspora between 1860 and the 1920s. its name probably reflects an original milanese preparation, cotoletta alla milanese, which is similar to the austrian wiener schnitzel.a milanesa consists of a thin slice of beef, chicken, fish, veal, or sometimes pork. each slice is dipped into beaten eggs, seasoned with salt, and other condiments according to the cook's taste (like parsley and garlic). each slice is then dipped in bread crumbs (or occasionally flour) and shallow-fried in oil, one at a time. some people prefer to use very little oil and then bake them in the oven as a healthier alternative. a similar dish is the chicken parmigiana.

Breakfast

Muffin

A muffin is an individually portioned baked product, however the term can refer to one of two distinct items: a part-raised flatbread (like a crumpet) that is baked and then cooked on a griddle (typically unsweetened), or an (often sweetened) quickbread (like a cupcake) that is chemically leavened and then baked in a mold. while quickbread "american" muffins are often sweetened, there are savory varieties made with ingredients such as corn and cheese, and less sweet varieties like traditional bran muffins. the flatbread "english" variety is of british or other european derivation, and dates from at least the early 18th century, while the quickbread originated in north america during the 19th century. both types are common worldwide today.

Main

Mushroom soup

Cream of mushroom soup is a simple type of soup where a basic roux is thinned with cream or milk and then mushrooms and/or mushroom broth are added. it is well known in north america as a common type of condensed canned soup. cream of mushroom soup is often used as a base ingredient in casseroles and comfort foods. this use is similar to that of a mushroom-flavored gravy.

Main

Mussel

Mussel () is the common name used for members of several families of bivalve molluscs, from saltwater and freshwater habitats. these groups have in common a shell whose outline is elongated and asymmetrical compared with other edible clams, which are often more or less rounded or oval. the word "mussel" is frequently used to mean the bivalves of the marine family mytilidae, most of which live on exposed shores in the intertidal zone, attached by means of their strong byssal threads ("beard") to a firm substrate. a few species (in the genus bathymodiolus) have colonised hydrothermal vents associated with deep ocean ridges. in most marine mussels the shell is longer than it is wide, being wedge-shaped or asymmetrical. the external colour of the shell is often dark blue, blackish, or brown, while the interior is silvery and somewhat nacreous. the common name "mussel" is also used for many freshwater bivalves, including the freshwater pearl mussels. freshwater mussel species inhabit lakes, ponds, rivers, creeks, canals, and they are classified in a different subclass of bivalves, despite some very superficial similarities in appearance. freshwater zebra mussels and their relatives in the family dreissenidae are not related to previously mentioned groups, even though they resemble many mytilus species in shape, and live attached to rocks and other hard surfaces in a similar manner, using a byssus. they are classified with the heterodonta, the taxonomic group which includes most of the bivalves commonly referred to as "clams".

Main

Mutton

Lamb, hogget, and mutton, generically sheep meat, are the meat of domestic sheep, ovis aries. a sheep in its first year is a lamb and its meat is also lamb. the meat from sheep in their second year is hogget. older sheep meat is mutton. generally, "hogget" and "sheep meat" are not used by consumers outside norway, new zealand, south africa and australia. hogget has become more common in england, particularly in the north (lancashire and yorkshire) often in association with rare breed and organic farming. in south asian and caribbean cuisine, "mutton" often means goat meat. at various times and places, "mutton" or "goat mutton" has occasionally been used to mean goat meat.lamb is the most expensive of the three types and in recent decades sheep meat is increasingly only retailed as "lamb", sometimes stretching the accepted distinctions given above. the stronger-tasting mutton is now hard to find in many areas, despite the efforts of the mutton renaissance campaign in the uk. in australia, the term prime lamb is often used to refer to lambs raised for meat. other languages, for example french, spanish, italian and arabic, make similar or even more detailed distinctions among sheep meats by age and sometimes by sex and diet—for example, lechazo in spanish refers to meat from milk-fed (unweaned) lambs.

Main

Octopus

People of some cultures eat octopus. the arms and sometimes other body parts are prepared in various ways, often varying by species and/or geography. octopuses are sometimes eaten or prepared alive, a practice that is controversial due to scientific evidence that octopuses experience pain.

Main

Oyster

Oyster is the common name for a number of different families of salt-water bivalve molluscs that live in marine or brackish habitats. in some species, the valves are highly calcified, and many are somewhat irregular in shape. many, but not all oysters are in the superfamily ostreoidea. some types of oysters are commonly consumed (cooked or raw), and in some locales are regarded as a delicacy. some types of pearl oysters are harvested for the pearl produced within the mantle. windowpane oysters are harvested for their translucent shells, which are used to make various kinds of decorative objects.

Main

Pasta

Many different types and shapes

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Pastry

Pastry is baked food made with a dough of flour, water and shortening (solid fats, including butter or lard) that may be savoury or sweetened. sweetened pastries are often described as bakers' confectionery. the word "pastries" suggests many kinds of baked products made from ingredients such as flour, sugar, milk, butter, shortening, baking powder, and eggs. small tarts and other sweet baked products are called pastries. common pastry dishes include pies, tarts, quiches, croissants, and pasties.the french word pâtisserie is also used in english (with or without the accent) for the same foods. originally, the french word pastisserie referred to anything, such as a meat pie, made in dough (paste, later pâte) and not typically a luxurious or sweet product. this meaning still persisted in the nineteenth century, though by then the term more often referred to the sweet and often ornate confections implied today. pastry can also refer to the pastry dough, from which such baked products are made. pastry dough is rolled out thinly and used as a base for baked products. pastry is differentiated from bread by having a higher fat content, which contributes to a flaky or crumbly texture. a good pastry is light and airy and fatty, but firm enough to support the weight of the filling. when making a shortcrust pastry, care must be taken to blend the fat and flour thoroughly before adding any liquid. this ensures that the flour granules are adequately coated with fat and less likely to develop gluten. on the other hand, overmixing results in long gluten strands that toughen the pastry. in other types of pastry such as danish pastry and croissants, the characteristic flaky texture is achieved by repeatedly rolling out a dough similar to that for yeast bread, spreading it with butter, and folding it to produce many thin layers.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Pâté

Pâté (uk: pat-ay, us: pa(h)-tay, french: [pɑte] (listen)) is a paste, pie or loaf filled with a forcemeat. common forcemeats include ground meat from pork, poultry, fish or beef; fat, vegetables, herbs, spices and either wine or brandy (often cognac or armagnac). it is often served on or with bread or crackers.pâté can be served either hot or cold, but it is considered to develop its best flavors after a few days of chilling.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Penguin eggs

Penguins (order sphenisciformes , family spheniscidae ) are a group of aquatic flightless birds. they live almost exclusively in the southern hemisphere: only one species, the galápagos penguin, is found north of the equator. highly adapted for life in the water, penguins have countershaded dark and white plumage and flippers for swimming. most penguins feed on krill, fish, squid and other forms of sea life which they catch with their bills and swallow it whole while swimming. a penguin has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip slippery prey.they spend roughly half of their lives on land and the other half in the sea. the largest living species is the emperor penguin (aptenodytes forsteri): on average, adults are about 1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) tall and weigh 35 kg (77 lb). the smallest penguin species is the little blue penguin (eudyptula minor), also known as the fairy penguin, which stands around 33 cm (13 in) tall and weighs 1 kg (2.2 lb). today, larger penguins generally inhabit colder regions, and smaller penguins inhabit regions with temperate or tropical climates. some prehistoric penguin species were enormous: as tall or heavy as an adult human. there was a great diversity of species in subantarctic regions, and at least one giant species in a region around 2,000 km south of the equator 35 mya, in a climate decidedly warmer than today.

Main

Pizza

Pizza (italian: [ˈpittsa], neapolitan: [ˈpittsə]) is a dish of italian origin consisting of a usually round, flat base of leavened wheat-based dough topped with tomatoes, cheese, and often various other ingredients (such as various types of sausage, anchovies, mushrooms, onions, olives, vegetables, meat, ham, etc.), which is then baked at a high temperature, traditionally in a wood-fired oven. a small pizza is sometimes called a pizzetta. a person who makes pizza is known as a pizzaiolo. in italy, pizza served in a restaurant is presented unsliced, and is eaten with the use of a knife and fork. in casual settings, however, it is cut into wedges to be eaten while held in the hand. the term pizza was first recorded in the 10th century in a latin manuscript from the southern italian town of gaeta in lazio, on the border with campania. modern pizza was invented in naples, and the dish and its variants have since become popular in many countries. it has become one of the most popular foods in the world and a common fast food item in europe, north america and australasia; available at pizzerias (restaurants specializing in pizza), restaurants offering mediterranean cuisine, via pizza delivery, and as street food. various food companies sell ready-baked pizzas, which may be frozen, in grocery stores, to be reheated in a home oven. in 2017, the world pizza market was us$128 billion, and in the us it was $44 billion spread over 76,000 pizzerias. overall, 13% of the u.s. population aged 2 years and over consumed pizza on any given day.the associazione verace pizza napoletana (lit. true neapolitan pizza association) is a non-profit organization founded in 1984 with headquarters in naples that aims to promote traditional neapolitan pizza. in 2009, upon italy's request, neapolitan pizza was registered with the european union as a traditional speciality guaranteed dish, and in 2017 the art of its making was included on unesco's list of intangible cultural heritage.raffaele esposito is often considered to be the father of modern pizza.

Main

Pork

Pork is the culinary name for the meat of the domestic pig (sus scrofa domesticus). it is the most commonly consumed meat worldwide, with evidence of pig husbandry dating back to 5000 bc.pork is eaten both freshly cooked and preserved; curing extends the shelf life of pork products. ham, gammon, bacon and sausage are examples of preserved pork. charcuterie is the branch of cooking devoted to prepared meat products, many from pork. pork is the most popular meat in the western world, particularly in central europe. it is also very popular in east and southeast asia (mainland southeast asia, philippines, singapore, east timor, and malaysia). the meat is highly prized in asian cuisines, especially in mainland china, for its fat content and texture. some religions and cultures prohibit pork consumption, notably islam and judaism.

Drink

Port

Port wine (also known as vinho do porto, portuguese pronunciation: [ˌviɲu duˈpoɾtu], or simply port) is a portuguese fortified wine produced in the douro valley of northern portugal. it is typically a sweet red wine, often served with dessert, although it also comes in dry, semi-dry, and white varieties. other port-style fortified wines are produced outside portugal, in argentina, australia, canada, france, india, south africa, spain, and the united states, but under the european union protected designation of origin guidelines, only wines from portugal are allowed to be labelled "port".

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Potato

The potato is a starchy tuber of the plant solanum tuberosum and is a root vegetable native to the americas. the plant is a perennial in the nightshade family solanaceae.wild potato species can be found from the southern united states to southern chile. the potato was originally believed to have been domesticated by native americans independently in multiple locations, but later genetic studies traced a single origin, in the area of present-day southern peru and extreme northwestern bolivia. potatoes were domesticated there approximately 7,000–10,000 years ago, from a species in the solanum brevicaule complex. in the andes region of south america, where the species is indigenous, some close relatives of the potato are cultivated. potatoes were introduced to europe from the americas in the second half of the 16th century by the spanish. today they are a staple food in many parts of the world and an integral part of much of the world's food supply. as of 2014, potatoes were the world's fourth-largest food crop after maize (corn), wheat, and rice. following millennia of selective breeding, there are now over 5,000 different types of potatoes. over 99% of potatoes presently cultivated worldwide descended from varieties that originated in the lowlands of south-central chile. the importance of the potato as a food source and culinary ingredient varies by region and is still changing. it remains an essential crop in europe, especially northern and eastern europe, where per capita production is still the highest in the world, while the most rapid expansion in production over the past few decades has occurred in southern and eastern asia, with china and india leading the world in overall production as of 2018. like the tomato, the potato is a nightshade in the genus solanum, and the vegetative and fruiting parts of the potato contain the toxin solanine which is dangerous for human consumption. normal potato tubers that have been grown and stored properly produce glycoalkaloids in amounts small enough to be negligible to human health, but, if green sections of the plant (namely sprouts and skins) are exposed to light, the tuber can accumulate a high enough concentration of glycoalkaloids to affect human health.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Potato chips

A potato chip (often just chip, or crisp in british and irish english) is a thin slice of potato that has been either deep fried, baked, or air fried until crunchy. they are commonly served as a snack, side dish, or appetizer. the basic chips are cooked and salted; additional varieties are manufactured using various flavorings and ingredients including herbs, spices, cheeses, other natural flavors, artificial flavors, and additives. potato chips form a large part of the snack food and convenience food market in western countries. the global potato chip market generated total revenue of us$16.49 billion in 2005. this accounted for 35.5% of the total savory snacks market in that year ($46.1 billion).

Main

Prawn

Prawn is a common name for small aquatic crustaceans with an exoskeleton and ten legs (which is a member of the order decapoda), some of which can be eaten.the term "prawn" is used particularly in the united kingdom, ireland, and commonwealth nations, for large swimming crustaceans or shrimp, especially those with commercial significance in the fishing industry. shrimp that are present in this category often belong to the suborder dendrobranchiata. in north america, the term is used less frequently, typically for freshwater shrimp. the terms shrimp and prawn themselves lack scientific standing. over the years, the way they are used has changed, and in contemporary usage the terms are almost interchangeable.

Main

Quiche

Quiche ( keesh) is a french tart consisting of pastry crust filled with savoury custard and pieces of cheese, meat, seafood or vegetables. a well-known variant is quiche lorraine, which includes lardons or bacon. quiche may be served hot, warm or cold.

Main

Rack of lamb

A rack of lamb or carré d'agneau (though this may also refer to other cuts) is a cut of lamb cut perpendicularly to the spine, and including 16 ribs or chops. at retail, it is usually sold 'single' (sawn longitudinally and including the 8 ribs on one side only), but may also be sold as a "double rack of lamb", with the ribs on both sides. alternatively, two french trimmed racks may be placed together with the ribs interlinked; when configured this way it is often known as a 'guard of honour' .rack of lamb is usually roasted, sometimes first coated with a herbed breadcrumb persillade. the tips of the bones are sometimes decorated with paper frills called manchettes.

Main

Rock cod

The rock cod (lotella rhacina) is a temperate fish found off the coasts of southeastern australia, tasmania, the great australian bight and northwards up the southwestern australia coasts. they are also found around the coasts of new zealand and california. they belong to the family moridae and are not related to the true cods (genus gadus). they are also known as beardie in australia. rock cod are yellow-grey to red-brown with white fin margins. they have chin barbels. they may grow up to 50 cm in length. they are found in caves in bays and coastal reefs. they are frequently found inshore and inhabit shallow waters in the continental shelf with typical depth of 10 to 90 m. many other fish species are sometimes called 'rock cod', but most are unrelated to the cod family, and are better known as groupers.

Drink

Rum

Rum is a liquor made by fermenting and then distilling sugarcane molasses or sugarcane juice. the distillate, a clear liquid, is usually aged in oak barrels. rum is produced in nearly every sugar-producing region of the world, such as the philippines, where tanduay is the largest producer of rum globally.rums are produced in various grades. light rums are commonly used in cocktails, whereas "golden" and "dark" rums were typically consumed straight or neat, iced ("on the rocks"), or used for cooking, but are now commonly consumed with mixers. premium rums are made to be consumed either straight or iced. rum plays a part in the culture of most islands of the west indies as well as the maritime provinces and newfoundland, in canada. the beverage has famous associations with the royal navy (where it was mixed with water or beer to make grog) and piracy (where it was consumed as bumbo). rum has also served as a popular medium of economic exchange, used to help fund enterprises such as slavery (see triangular trade), organized crime, and military insurgencies (e.g., the american revolution and australia's rum rebellion).

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Salad

A salad is a dish consisting of mixed, mostly natural ingredients with at least one raw ingredient. they are often dressed, and typically served at room temperature or chilled, though some can be served warm. garden salads use a base of leafy greens such as lettuce, arugula/rocket, kale or spinach; they are common enough that the word salad alone often refers specifically to garden salads. other types include bean salad, tuna salad, fattoush, greek salad (vegetable-based, but without leafy greens), and sōmen salad (a noodle-based salad). salads may be served at any point during a meal: appetizer salads—light, smaller-portion salads served as the first course of the meal side salads—to accompany the main course as a side dish; examples include potato salad and coleslaw main course salads—usually containing a portion of one or more high-protein foods, such as meat, fish, eggs, legumes, or cheese dessert salads—sweet salads containing fruit, gelatin, sweeteners or whipped creamwhen a sauce is used to flavor a salad, it is generally called a salad dressing; most salad dressings are based on either a mixture of oil and vinegar or a creamy dairy base.

Main

Sandwich

A sandwich is a food typically consisting of vegetables, sliced cheese or meat, placed on or between slices of bread, or more generally any dish wherein bread serves as a container or wrapper for another food type. the sandwich began as a portable, convenient finger food in the western world, though over time it has become prevalent worldwide. in the 21st century there has been considerable debate over the precise definition of sandwich; and specifically whether a hot dog or open sandwich can be categorized as such. in the united states, the department of agriculture and the food and drug administration are the responsible agencies. the usda uses the definition, "at least 35% cooked meat and no more than 50% bread" for closed sandwiches, and "at least 50% cooked meat" for open sandwiches. in britain, the british sandwich association defines a sandwich as "any form of bread with a filling, generally assembled cold", a definition which includes wraps and bagels, but excludes dishes assembled and served hot, such as burgers.sandwiches are a popular type of lunch food, taken to work, school, or picnics to be eaten as part of a packed lunch. the bread may be plain or be coated with condiments, such as mayonnaise or mustard, to enhance its flavour and texture. as well as being homemade, sandwiches are also widely sold in various retail outlets and can be served hot or cold. there are both savoury sandwiches, such as deli meat sandwiches, and sweet sandwiches, such as a peanut butter and jelly sandwich. the sandwich is named after its supposed inventor, john montagu, 4th earl of sandwich. the wall street journal has described it as britain's "biggest contribution to gastronomy".

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Sausage

A sausage is a type of meat product usually made from ground meat—often pork, beef, or poultry—along with salt, spices and other flavourings. other ingredients, such as grains or breadcrumbs may be included as fillers or extenders. when used as an adjective, the word sausage can refer to the loose sausage meat, which can be formed into patties or stuffed into a skin. when referred to as "a sausage", the product is usually cylindrical and encased in a skin. typically, a sausage is formed in a casing traditionally made from intestine, but sometimes from synthetic materials. sausages that are sold raw are cooked in many ways, including pan-frying, broiling and barbecuing. some sausages are cooked during processing, and the casing may then be removed. sausage-making is a traditional food preservation technique. sausages may be preserved by curing, drying (often in association with fermentation or culturing, which can contribute to preservation), smoking, or freezing. some cured or smoked sausages can be stored without refrigeration. most fresh sausages must be refrigerated or frozen until they are cooked. sausages are made in a wide range of national and regional varieties, which differ by the types of meats that are used, the flavouring or spicing ingredients (garlic, peppers, wine, etc.), and the manner of preparation. in the 21st century, vegetarian and vegan varieties of sausage which completely substitute plant-based ingredients for meat have become much more widely available and consumed.

Breakfast

Sausage

A sausage is a type of meat product usually made from ground meat—often pork, beef, or poultry—along with salt, spices and other flavourings. other ingredients, such as grains or breadcrumbs may be included as fillers or extenders. when used as an adjective, the word sausage can refer to the loose sausage meat, which can be formed into patties or stuffed into a skin. when referred to as "a sausage", the product is usually cylindrical and encased in a skin. typically, a sausage is formed in a casing traditionally made from intestine, but sometimes from synthetic materials. sausages that are sold raw are cooked in many ways, including pan-frying, broiling and barbecuing. some sausages are cooked during processing, and the casing may then be removed. sausage-making is a traditional food preservation technique. sausages may be preserved by curing, drying (often in association with fermentation or culturing, which can contribute to preservation), smoking, or freezing. some cured or smoked sausages can be stored without refrigeration. most fresh sausages must be refrigerated or frozen until they are cooked. sausages are made in a wide range of national and regional varieties, which differ by the types of meats that are used, the flavouring or spicing ingredients (garlic, peppers, wine, etc.), and the manner of preparation. in the 21st century, vegetarian and vegan varieties of sausage which completely substitute plant-based ingredients for meat have become much more widely available and consumed.

Main

Sausage casserole

Stewed sausage and vegetables

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Sausage roll

A sausage roll is a savoury pastry snack, popular in current and former commonwealth nations, consisting of sausage meat wrapped in puffed pastry. sausage rolls are sold at retail outlets and are also available from bakeries as a take-away food. a miniature version can be served as buffet or party food.

Main

Scallop

Scallop () is a common name that encompasses various species of marine bivalve mollusks in the taxonomic family pectinidae, the scallops. however, the common name "scallop" is also sometimes applied to species in other closely related families within the superfamily pectinoidea, which also includes the thorny oysters. scallops are a cosmopolitan family of bivalves which are found in all of the world's oceans, although never in fresh water. they are one of very few groups of bivalves to be primarily "free-living", with many species capable of rapidly swimming short distances and even of migrating some distance across the ocean floor. a small minority of scallop species live cemented to rocky substrates as adults, while others attach themselves to stationary or rooted objects such as sea grass at some point in their lives by means of a filament they secrete called a byssal thread. the majority of species, however, live recumbent on sandy substrates, and when they sense the presence of a predator such as a starfish, they may attempt to escape by swimming swiftly but erratically through the water using jet propulsion created by repeatedly clapping their shells together. scallops have a well-developed nervous system, and unlike most other bivalves all scallops have a ring of numerous simple eyes situated around the edge of their mantles. many species of scallops are highly prized as a food source, and some are farmed as aquaculture. the word "scallop" is also applied to the meat of these bivalves, the adductor muscle, that is sold as seafood. the brightly coloured, symmetric, fan-shaped shells of scallops with their radiating and often fluted ornamentation are valued by shell collectors, and have been used since ancient times as motifs in art, architecture, and design. owing to their widespread distribution, scallop shells are a common sight on beaches and are often brightly coloured, making them a popular object to collect among beachcombers and vacationers. the shells also have a significant place in popular culture, including symbolism.

Breakfast

Scones

A scone is a baked good, usually made of either wheat or oatmeal with baking powder as a leavening agent, and baked on sheet pans. a scone is often slightly sweetened and occasionally glazed with egg wash. the scone is a basic component of the cream tea. it differs from teacakes and other types of sweets that are made with yeast. scones were chosen as the republic of ireland representative for café europe during the austrian presidency of the european union in 2006, while the united kingdom chose shortbread.

Main

Sea bass

Main

Seafood

Seafood is any form of sea life regarded as food by humans, prominently including fish and shellfish. shellfish include various species of molluscs (e.g. bivalve molluscs such as clams, oysters and mussels, and cephalopods such as octopus and squid), crustaceans (e.g. shrimp, crabs, and lobster), and echinoderms (e.g. sea cucumbers and sea urchins). historically, marine mammals such as cetaceans (whales and dolphins) as well as seals have been eaten as food, though that happens to a lesser extent in modern times. edible sea plants such as some seaweeds and microalgae are widely eaten as sea vegetables around the world, especially in asia. seafood is an important source of (animal) protein in many diets around the world, especially in coastal areas. semi-vegetarians who consume seafood as the only source of meat are said to adhere to pescetarianism. the harvesting of wild seafood is usually known as fishing or hunting, while the cultivation and farming of seafood is known as aquaculture and fish farming (in the case of fish). most of the seafood harvest is consumed by humans, but a significant proportion is used as fish food to farm other fish or rear farm animals. some seafoods (i.e. kelp) are used as food for other plants (a fertilizer). in these ways, seafoods are used to produce further food for human consumption. also, products such as fish oil and spirulina tablets are extracted from seafoods. some seafood is fed to aquarium fish, or used to feed domestic pets such as cats. a small proportion is used in medicine, or is used industrially for nonfood purposes (e.g. leather).

Main

Sea trout

Sea trout is the common name usually applied to anadromous (or sea-run) forms of brown trout (salmo trutta), and is often referred to as salmo trutta morpha trutta. other names for anadromous brown trout are sewin (wales), peel or peal (southwest england), mort (northwest england), finnock (scotland), white trout (ireland) and salmon trout (culinary). the term sea trout is also used to describe other anadromous salmonids—coho salmon (oncorhynchus kisutch), brook trout (salvelinus fontinalis), arctic char (salvelinus alpinus alpinus), cutthroat trout (oncorhynchus clarkii) and dolly varden (salvenlinus malma). even some non-salmonid species are also commonly known as sea trout—northern pikeminnow (ptychocheilus oregonensis) and members of the weakfish family (cynoscion).

Main

Shellfish

Shellfish is a colloquial and fisheries term for exoskeleton-bearing aquatic invertebrates used as food, including various species of molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms. although most kinds of shellfish are harvested from saltwater environments, some are found in freshwater. in addition, a few species of land crabs are eaten, for example cardisoma guanhumi in the caribbean. shellfish are among the most common food allergens.despite the name, shellfish are not fish. most shellfish are low on the food chain and eat a diet composed primarily of phytoplankton and zooplankton. many varieties of shellfish, and crustaceans in particular, are actually closely related to insects and arachnids; crustaceans make up one of the main subphyla of the phylum arthropoda. molluscs include cephalopods (squids, octopuses, cuttlefish) and bivalves (clams, oysters), as well as gastropods (aquatic species such as whelks and winkles; land species such as snails and slugs). molluscs used as a food source by humans include many species of clams, mussels, oysters, winkles, and scallops. some crustaceans that are commonly eaten are shrimp, lobsters, crayfish, crabs and barnacles. echinoderms are not as frequently harvested for food as molluscs and crustaceans; however, sea urchin roe is quite popular in many parts of the world, where the live delicacy is harder to transport.though some shellfish harvesting has been unsustainable, and shrimp farming has been destructive in some parts of the world, shellfish farming can be important to environmental restoration, by developing reefs, filtering water and eating biomass.

Main

Shepherd's pie

Shepherd's pie, cottage pie, or in its french version hachis parmentier is a savoury dish of cooked minced meat topped with mashed potato and baked. the meat used may be either previously cooked or freshly minced. the usual meats are beef or lamb. the two english terms have been used interchangeably since they came into use in the late 18th and the 19th century, although some writers insist that a shepherd's pie should contain lamb or mutton, and a cottage pie, beef.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Smoko

In australian, new zealand and falkland islands english, a smoko (also "smoke-o" or "smoke-oh") is a short, often informal break taken during work or military duty, although any short break such as a rest or a coffee or tea break can be called a smoko. among sheep shearers in australia, the smoko is a mid-morning break, between breakfast and lunch, in which a light meal may be eaten.there is a town in victoria, australia called smoko, which "gained its name in 1865 because gold seekers regularly stopped here for a smoke and a rest on their way to and from the goldfields".the term is believed to have originated in the british merchant navy, and was in use as early as 1857. the term is still in use in the british merchant navy today. the tradition of a smoko in the australian sense seems to have begun amongst sheep shearers in the 1860s.although a slang term, the word "smoko" has been used in government writing and industrial relations reports to mean a short work break. the term achieved broader awareness in the united states and united kingdom following the popularity of the song “smoko” by australian band the chats.

Main

Snow crab

Chionoecetes is a genus of crabs that live in the northern pacific and atlantic oceans.chionoecetes are in the kingdom of animalia, meaning that they have cells which organized into tissue that will specialize and perform specific functions. the phylum for chionoecetes is arthropoda. members of arthropoda must have: an exoskeleton, segmented bodies, jointed appendages, bilateral symmetry, and an open circulatory system. chionoecetes are further categorized in the subphylum crustacea, due to their larval forms and having biramous limbs. chionoecetes are classified into the maxillopoda class, being distinguished by a five-six-four body plan ending with a telson. chionoecetes are in order decapoda meaning that they have eight pairs of thoracic appendages; five of these are pairs of legs, making them a decapod with 10 legs. the chionoecetes belong to family oregoniidae, which use a drag power for their locomotion. the genus chionoecetes currently contains seven distinct species.other names for crabs in this genus include "queen crab" (in canada) and "spider crab" – they are known by different names in different areas of the world. the generic name chionoecetes means snow (χιών, chion) inhabitant (οἰκητης, oiketes); opilio means shepherd, and c. opilio is the primary species referred to as snow crab. marketing strategies, however, employ snow crab for any species in the genus chionoecetes. the name "snow crab" refers to their being commonly found in cold northern oceans.

Main

Soup

Soup is a primarily liquid food, generally served warm or hot (but may be cool or cold), that is made by combining ingredients of meat or vegetables with stock, milk, or water. hot soups are additionally characterized by boiling solid ingredients in liquids in a pot until the flavors are extracted, forming a broth. soups are similar to stews, and in some cases there may not be a clear distinction between the two; however, soups generally have more liquid (broth) than stews.in traditional french cuisine, soups are classified into two main groups: clear soups and thick soups. the established french classifications of clear soups are bouillon and consommé. thick soups are classified depending upon the type of thickening agent used: purées are vegetable soups thickened with starch; bisques are made from puréed shellfish or vegetables thickened with cream; cream soups may be thickened with béchamel sauce; and veloutés are thickened with eggs, butter, and cream. other ingredients commonly used to thicken soups and broths include rice, lentils, flour, and grains; many popular soups also include pumpkin, carrots, potatoes, pig's trotters and bird's nests. other types of soup include fruit soups, dessert soups, pulse soups like split pea, cold soups and other styles.

Drink

South American wine

Main

Squid

A squid is a mollusc with an elongated soft body, large eyes, eight arms, and two tentacles in the superorder decapodiformes. like all other cephalopods, squid have a distinct head, bilateral symmetry, and a mantle. they are mainly soft-bodied, like octopuses, but have a small internal skeleton in the form of a rod-like gladius or pen, made of chitin. squid diverged from other cephalopods during the jurassic and occupy a similar role to teleost fish as open water predators of similar size and behaviour. they play an important role in the open water food web. the two long tentacles are used to grab prey and the eight arms to hold and control it. the beak then cuts the food into suitable size chunks for swallowing. squid are rapid swimmers, moving by jet propulsion, and largely locate their prey by sight. they are among the most intelligent of invertebrates, with groups of humboldt squid having been observed hunting cooperatively. they are preyed on by sharks, other fish, sea birds, seals and cetaceans, particularly sperm whales. squid can change colour for camouflage and signalling. some species are bioluminescent, using their light for counter-illumination camouflage, while many species can eject a cloud of ink to distract predators. squid are used for human consumption with commercial fisheries in japan, the mediterranean, the southwestern atlantic, the eastern pacific and elsewhere. they are used in cuisines around the world, often known as "calamari". squid have featured in literature since classical times, especially in tales of giant squid and sea monsters.

Main

Standing rib roast

A standing rib roast, also known as prime rib, is a cut of beef from the primal rib, one of the nine primal cuts of beef. while the entire rib section comprises ribs six through 12, a standing rib roast may contain anywhere from two to seven ribs. it is most often roasted "standing" on the rib bones so that the meat does not touch the pan. an alternative cut removes the top end of the ribs for easier carving. rib-eye steaks are cut from a standing rib, boned with most of the fat and lesser muscles removed. while often referred to as "prime rib", the usda does not require the cut to be derived from usda prime grade beef.

Main

Steak

A steak, also sometimes called "beef steak", is a meat generally sliced across the muscle fibers, potentially including a bone. it is normally grilled, though it can also be pan-fried. steak can also be cooked in sauce, such as in steak and kidney pie, or minced and formed into patties, such as hamburgers. besides cattle, steaks are also often cut from other animals, including bison, camel, goat, horse, kangaroo, sheep, ostrich, pigs, reindeer, turkey, deer, and zebu, as well as various types of fish, especially salmon and large fish such as swordfish, shark, and marlin. for some meats, such as pork, lamb and mutton, chevon, and veal, these cuts are often referred to as chops. some cured meat, such as gammon, is commonly served as steak. grilled portobello mushroom may be called mushroom steak, and similarly for other vegetarian dishes. imitation steak is a food product that is formed into a steak shape from various pieces of meat. grilled fruits such as watermelon have been used as vegetarian steak alternatives. exceptions, in which the meat is sliced parallel to the fibers, include the skirt steak cut from the plate, the flank steak cut from the abdominal muscles, and the silverfinger steak cut from the loin and including three rib bones. in a larger sense, fish steaks, ground meat steaks, pork steak, and many more varieties of steak are known.

Main

Stew

A stew is a combination of solid food ingredients that have been cooked in liquid and served in the resultant gravy. ingredients in a stew can include any combination of vegetables and may include meat, especially tougher meats suitable for slow-cooking, such as beef, pork, lamb, poultry, sausages, and seafood. while water can be used as the stew-cooking liquid, stock is also common. a small amount of red wine is sometimes added for flavour. seasoning and flavourings may also be added. stews are typically cooked at a relatively low temperature (simmered, not boiled), allowing flavours to mingle. stewing is suitable for the least tender cuts of meat that become tender and juicy with the slow moist heat method. this makes it popular in low-cost cooking. cuts having a certain amount of marbling and gelatinous connective tissue give moist, juicy stews, while lean meat may easily become dry. stews are thickened by reduction or with flour, either by coating pieces of meat with flour before searing, or by using a roux or beurre manié, a dough consisting of equal parts of fat and flour. thickeners like cornstarch, potato starch, or arrowroot may also be used. stews are similar to soups, and in some cases there may not be a clear distinction between the two. generally, stews have less liquid than soups, are much thicker and require longer cooking over low heat. while soups are almost always served in a bowl, stews may be thick enough to be served on a plate with the gravy as a sauce over the solid ingredients.

Dessert, Sweet

Tart

A tart is a baked dish consisting of a filling over a pastry base with an open top not covered with pastry. the pastry is usually shortcrust pastry; the filling may be sweet or savoury, though modern tarts are usually fruit-based, sometimes with custard. tartlet refers to a miniature tart; an example would be egg tarts. the categories of "tart", "flan", "quiche", and "pie" overlap, with no sharp distinctions.

Drink

Tea

Tea is an aromatic beverage prepared by pouring hot or boiling water over cured or fresh leaves of camellia sinensis, an evergreen shrub native to china, india and other east asian countries. tea is also rarely made from the leaves of camellia taliensis. after water, it is the most widely consumed drink in the world. there are many different types of tea; some have a cooling, slightly bitter, and astringent flavour, while others have vastly different profiles that include sweet, nutty, floral, or grassy notes. tea has a stimulating effect in humans primarily due to its caffeine content.tea plants are native to east asia and probably originated in the borderlands of southwestern china and northern burma. an early credible record of tea drinking dates to the third century ad, in a medical text written by hua tuo. it was popularised as a recreational drink during the chinese tang dynasty, and tea drinking subsequently spread to other east asian countries. portuguese priests and merchants introduced it to europe during the 16th century. during the 17th century, drinking tea became fashionable among the english, who started to plant tea on a large scale in india. the term herbal tea refers to drinks not made from camellia sinensis. they are the infusions of fruit, leaves, or other plant parts, such as steeps of rosehip, chamomile, or rooibos. these may be called tisanes or herbal infusions to prevent confusion with tea made from the tea plant.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Teaberry

Myrteola nummularia (also known as teaberry, huarapo, ñaurapo or daudapo) is a species of plant in the myrteola genus, which is found in the falkland islands and southern parts of south america such as patagonia. it is a small perennial shrub often wider than it is tall, which grows in marshy areas. it has edible berries which may be eaten fresh or used in the preparation of jams or liquors.

Breakfast

Toast

Toast is bread that has been browned by radiant heat. the browning is the result of a maillard reaction, altering the flavor of the bread and making it firmer so that it is easier to spread toppings on it. toasting is a common method of making stale bread more palatable. bread is often toasted using a toaster, but toaster ovens are also used. toast is commonly eaten with butter or margarine, or sweet toppings, such as jam or jelly. regionally, savory spreads, such as peanut butter or a yeast extract, may also be popular. buttered toast may also accompany savory dishes, especially soups or stews, and be topped with heartier ingredients like eggs or baked beans as a light meal. toast is a common breakfast food. bagels and english muffins are also toasted. toast may contain carcinogens (acrylamide) caused by the browning process.

Main

Upland goose

The upland goose or magellan goose (chloephaga picta) is a sheldgoose of the shelduck-sheldgoose subfamily of the anatidae, the biological family that includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl such as the geese and swans. sheldgeese resemble true geese and display similar habits, yet they are more closely related to shelducks and ducks. the two recognized subspecies of upland goose are the continental picta subspecies and the insular (island) leucoptera subspecies. this species nests and breeds close to water (rivers, ponds, oceans) either on the ground or near it among vegetation, usually in grasslands or coastal meadows in the falkland islands or in southern patagonia and tierra del fuego at the beginning of the austral summer. population estimates suggest the insular subpopulations are stable, but continental populations show a recent decline in abundance. upland geese are herbivores, specializing in plant leaves, stems and seeds.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Vegetables

Broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, green peas, mushrooms, potatoes, rutabagas (swedes), onions, turnips