Breakfast

Akwadu

Caramelized bananas or plantains topped with coconut

Dessert, Sweet

Akwadu

Caramelized bananas or plantains topped with coconut

Main

Antelope

The term antelope is used to refer to many species of even-toed ruminant that are indigenous to various regions in africa and eurasia. antelope comprise a wastebasket taxon defined as any of numerous old world grazing and browsing hoofed mammals belonging to the family bovidae of the order artiodactyla.a stricter definition, also known as the "true antelopes," includes only the genera gazella, nanger, eudorcas and antilope. one north american species, the pronghorn, is colloquially referred to as the "american antelope," but it belongs to a different family than the african and eurasian antelopes. a group of antelope is called a herd. unlike deer antlers, which are shed and grown annually, antelope horns grow continuously.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Banana

A banana is an elongated, edible fruit – botanically a berry – produced by several kinds of large herbaceous flowering plants in the genus musa. in some countries, bananas used for cooking may be called "plantains", distinguishing them from dessert bananas. the fruit is variable in size, color, and firmness, but is usually elongated and curved, with soft flesh rich in starch covered with a rind, which may be green, yellow, red, purple, or brown when ripe. the fruits grow upward in clusters near the top of the plant. almost all modern edible seedless (parthenocarp) bananas come from two wild species – musa acuminata and musa balbisiana. the scientific names of most cultivated bananas are musa acuminata, musa balbisiana, and musa × paradisiaca for the hybrid musa acuminata × m. balbisiana, depending on their genomic constitution. the old scientific name for this hybrid, musa sapientum, is no longer used. musa species are native to tropical indomalaya and australia, and are likely to have been first domesticated in papua new guinea. they are grown in 135 countries, primarily for their fruit, and to a lesser extent to make fiber, banana wine, and banana beer and as ornamental plants. the world's largest producers of bananas in 2017 were india and china, which together accounted for approximately 38% of total production.worldwide, there is no sharp distinction between "bananas" and "plantains". especially in the americas and europe, "banana" usually refers to soft, sweet, dessert bananas, particularly those of the cavendish group, which are the main exports from banana-growing countries. by contrast, musa cultivars with firmer, starchier fruit are called "plantains". in other regions, such as southeast asia, many more kinds of banana are grown and eaten, so the binary distinction is not as useful and is not made in local languages. the term "banana" is also used as the common name for the plants that produce the fruit. this can extend to other members of the genus musa, such as the scarlet banana (musa coccinea), the pink banana (musa velutina), and the fe'i bananas. it can also refer to members of the genus ensete, such as the snow banana (ensete glaucum) and the economically important false banana (ensete ventricosum). both genera are in the banana family, musaceae.

Main

Bat

Bats are eaten by people in parts of some asian, african, pacific rim countries and cultures, including china, vietnam, seychelles, the philippines, indonesia, palau, thailand, and guam. half the megabat (fruit bat) species are hunted for food but only eight percent of the insectivorous bat species are. in guam, mariana fruit bats (pteropus mariannus) are considered a delicacy.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Beans

A bean is the seed of one of several genera of the flowering plant family fabaceae, which are used as vegetables for human or animal food. they can be cooked in many different ways, including boiling, frying, and baking, and are used in many traditional dishes throughout the world.

Main

Beef

Beef is the culinary name for meat from cattle (bos taurus). in prehistoric times, humans hunted aurochs and later domesticated them. since that time, numerous breeds of cattle have been bred specifically for the quality or quantity of their meat. today, beef is the third most widely consumed meat in the world, after pork and poultry. as of 2018, the united states, brazil, and china were the largest producers of beef. beef can be prepared in various ways; cuts are often used for steak, which can be cooked to varying degrees of doneness, while trimmings are often ground or minced, as found in most hamburgers. beef contains protein, iron, and vitamin b12. along with other kinds of red meat, high consumption is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer and coronary heart disease, especially when processed. beef has a high environmental impact, being a primary driver of deforestation with the highest greenhouse gas emissions of any agricultural product.

Main

Bush rat

Aethomys is a genus of rodent from africa. they are commonly referred to as rock rats, bush rats or rock mice.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Cassava

Manihot esculenta, commonly called cassava (), manioc, or yuca (among numerous regional names) is a woody shrub of the spurge family, euphorbiaceae, native to south america. although a perennial plant, cassava is extensively cultivated as an annual crop in tropical and subtropical regions for its edible starchy tuberous root, a major source of carbohydrates. though it is often called yuca in parts of spanish america and in the united states, it is not related to yucca, a shrub in the family asparagaceae. cassava is predominantly consumed in boiled form, but substantial quantities are used to extract cassava starch, called tapioca, which is used for food, animal feed, and industrial purposes. the brazilian farinha, and the related garri of west africa, is an edible coarse flour obtained by grating cassava roots, pressing moisture off the obtained grated pulp, and finally drying it (and roasting both in the case of farinha and garri). cassava is the third-largest source of food carbohydrates in the tropics, after rice and maize. cassava is a major staple food in the developing world, providing a basic diet for over half a billion people. it is one of the most drought-tolerant crops, capable of growing on marginal soils. nigeria is the world's largest producer of cassava, while thailand is the largest exporter of cassava starch. cassava is classified as either sweet or bitter. like other roots and tubers, both bitter and sweet varieties of cassava contain antinutritional factors and toxins, with the bitter varieties containing much larger amounts. it must be properly prepared before consumption, as improper preparation of cassava can leave enough residual cyanide to cause acute cyanide intoxication, goiters, and even ataxia, partial paralysis, or death. the more toxic varieties of cassava are a fall-back resource (a "food security crop") in times of famine or food insecurity in some places. farmers often prefer the bitter varieties because they deter pests, animals, and thieves.

Main

Chicken

The chicken (gallus domesticus) is a domesticated junglefowl species, with attributes of wild species such as the grey and the ceylon junglefowl that are originally from southeastern asia. rooster or cock is a term for an adult male bird, and a younger male may be called a cockerel. a male that has been castrated is a capon. an adult female bird is called a hen and a sexually immature female is called a pullet. originally raised for cockfighting or for special ceremonies, chickens were not kept for food until the hellenistic period (4th–2nd centuries bc). humans now keep chickens primarily as a source of food (consuming both their meat and eggs) and as pets. chickens are one of the most common and widespread domestic animals, with a total population of 23.7 billion as of 2018, up from more than 19 billion in 2011. there are more chickens in the world than any other bird. there are numerous cultural references to chickens – in myth, folklore and religion, and in language and literature. genetic studies have pointed to multiple maternal origins in south asia, southeast asia, and east asia, but the clade found in the americas, europe, the middle east and africa originated from the indian subcontinent. from ancient india, the chicken spread to lydia in western asia minor, and to greece by the 5th century bc. fowl have been known in egypt since the mid-15th century bc, with the "bird that gives birth every day" having come from the land between syria and shinar, babylonia, according to the annals of thutmose iii.

Main

Crocodile

Crocodiles (family crocodylidae) or true crocodiles are large semiaquatic reptiles that live throughout the tropics in africa, asia, the americas and australia. the term crocodile is sometimes used even more loosely to include all extant members of the order crocodilia, which includes the alligators and caimans (family alligatoridae), the gharial and false gharial (family gavialidae) among other extinct taxa. although they appear similar, crocodiles, alligators and the gharial belong to separate biological families. the gharial, with its narrow snout, is easier to distinguish, while morphological differences are more difficult to spot in crocodiles and alligators. the most obvious external differences are visible in the head, with crocodiles having narrower and longer heads, with a more v-shaped than a u-shaped snout compared to alligators and caimans. another obvious trait is that the upper and lower jaws of the crocodiles are the same width, and the teeth in the lower jaw fall along the edge or outside the upper jaw when the mouth is closed; therefore, all teeth are visible, unlike an alligator, which possesses in the upper jaw small depressions into which the lower teeth fit. also, when the crocodile's mouth is closed, the large fourth tooth in the lower jaw fits into a constriction in the upper jaw. for hard-to-distinguish specimens, the protruding tooth is the most reliable feature to define the species' family. crocodiles have more webbing on the toes of the hind feet and can better tolerate saltwater due to specialized salt glands for filtering out salt, which are present, but non-functioning, in alligators. another trait that separates crocodiles from other crocodilians is their much higher levels of aggression.crocodile size, morphology, behaviour and ecology differ somewhat among species. however, they have many similarities in these areas as well. all crocodiles are semiaquatic and tend to congregate in freshwater habitats such as rivers, lakes, wetlands and sometimes in brackish water and saltwater. they are carnivorous animals, feeding mostly on vertebrates such as fish, reptiles, birds and mammals, and sometimes on invertebrates such as molluscs and crustaceans, depending on species and age. all crocodiles are tropical species that, unlike alligators, are very sensitive to cold. they separated from other crocodilians during the eocene epoch, about 55 million years ago. many species are at the risk of extinction, some being classified as critically endangered.

Main

Duck

In cooking and gastronomy, duck or duckling is the meat of several species of bird in the family anatidae, found in both fresh and salt water. duck is eaten in many cuisines around the world. it is a high-fat, high-protein meat rich in iron. duckling nominally comes from a juvenile animal, but may be simply a menu name. one species of freshwater duck, the mallard, has been domesticated and is a common livestock bird in many cultures. the pekin duck is another livestock breed of importance, particularly in north america. magret refers specifically to the breast of a mulard or muscovy (or barbary) duck that has been force fed to produce foie gras.

Main

Fish

Grilled, cooked with pumpkin seeds, cooked in banana leaves, fish soup

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Fruit

Bananas, coconut, mango, pineapple, plantains

Drink

Fruit juice

Juice is a drink made from the extraction or pressing of the natural liquid contained in fruit and vegetables. it can also refer to liquids that are flavored with concentrate or other biological food sources, such as meat or seafood, such as clam juice. juice is commonly consumed as a beverage or used as an ingredient or flavoring in foods or other beverages, as for smoothies. juice emerged as a popular beverage choice after the development of pasteurization methods enabled its preservation without using fermentation (which is used in wine production). the largest fruit juice consumers are new zealand (nearly a cup, or 8 ounces, each day) and colombia (more than three quarters of a cup each day). fruit juice consumption on average increases with country income level.

Drink

Ginja beer

Traditional ginger beer is a sweetened and carbonated, usually non-alcoholic beverage. historically it was produced by the natural fermentation of prepared ginger spice, yeast and sugar. current ginger beers are often manufactured rather than brewed, frequently with flavour and colour additives, with artificial carbonation. ginger ales are not brewed. ginger beer's origins date from the colonial spice trade with the orient and the sugar-producing islands of the caribbean. it was popular in britain and its colonies from the 18th century. other spices were variously added and any alcohol content was limited to 2% by excise tax laws in 1855. few brewers have maintained an alcoholic product.ginger beer is still produced at home using a symbiotic colony of yeast and a lactobacillus (bacteria) known as a "ginger beer plant" or from a "ginger bug" starter created from fermenting ginger, sugar, and water.

Dessert, Sweet

Kashata

Coconut confection, made with grated coconut, sugar, cardamom, saffron, cinnamon, peanuts

Main

Lobster

Lobsters are a family (nephropidae, synonym homaridae) of large marine crustaceans. lobsters have long bodies with muscular tails, and live in crevices or burrows on the sea floor. three of their five pairs of legs have claws, including the first pair, which are usually much larger than the others. highly prized as seafood, lobsters are economically important, and are often one of the most profitable commodities in coastal areas they populate.commercially important species include two species of homarus (which look more like the stereotypical lobster) from the northern atlantic ocean, and scampi (which look more like a shrimp, or a "mini lobster") — the northern hemisphere genus nephrops and the southern hemisphere genus metanephrops.

Drink

Malamba

Sugar cane alcohol

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Malanga

Tuber and leaves

Drink

Milk

Milk is a nutrient-rich liquid food produced by the mammary glands of mammals. it is the primary source of nutrition for young mammals (including breastfed human infants) before they are able to digest solid food. immune factors and immune-modulating components in milk contribute to milk immunity. early-lactation milk, which is called colostrum, contains antibodies that strengthen the immune system, and thus reduces the risk of many diseases. milk contains many nutrients, including protein and lactose.the us cdc recommends that children over the age of 12 months should have two servings of dairy milk products a day.as an agricultural product, dairy milk is collected from farm animals. in 2011, dairy farms produced around 730 million tonnes (800 million short tons) of milk from 260 million dairy cows. india is the world's largest producer of milk and the leading exporter of skimmed milk powder, but it exports few other milk products. because there is an ever-increasing demand for dairy products within india, it could eventually become a net importer of dairy products. new zealand, germany and the netherlands are the largest exporters of milk products.more than six billion people worldwide consume milk and milk products, and between 750 and 900 million people live in dairy-farming households.

Main

Monkey

Monkey is a common name that may refer to most mammals of the infraorder simiiformes, also known as the simians. traditionally, all animals in the group now known as simians are counted as monkeys except the apes, a grouping known as paraphyletic; however, in the broader sense based on cladistics, apes (hominoidea) are also included, making the terms monkeys and simians synonyms in regards to their scope.in 1812, geoffroy grouped the apes and the cercopithecidae group of monkeys together and established the name catarrhini, "old world monkeys", ("singes de l'ancien monde" in french). the extant sister of the catarrhini in the monkey ("singes") group is the platyrrhini (new world monkeys). some nine million years before the bifurcation between the cercopithecidae and the apes, the platyrrhini emerged within "monkeys" by migration to south america from afro-arabia (the old world), likely by ocean. the apes are thus deep in the tree of extant and extinct monkeys, and any of the apes is distinctly closer related to the cercopithecidae than the platyrrhini are. many monkey species are tree-dwelling (arboreal), although there are species that live primarily on the ground, such as baboons. most species are mainly active during the day (diurnal). monkeys are generally considered to be intelligent, especially the old world monkeys. within suborder haplorhini, the simians are a sister group to the tarsiers – the two members bifurcated some 60 million years ago. new world monkeys and catarrhine monkeys emerged within the simians roughly 35 million years ago. old world monkeys and apes emerged within the catarrhine monkeys about 25 million years ago. extinct basal simians such as aegyptopithecus or parapithecus (35–32 million years ago) are also considered monkeys by primatologists.lemurs, lorises, and galagos are not monkeys; instead they are strepsirrhine primates (suborder strepsirrhini). the simians' sister group, the tarsiers, are also haplorhine primates; however, they are also not monkeys. apes emerged within "monkeys" as sister of the cercopithecidae in the catarrhini, so cladistically they are monkeys as well. there has been resistance to directly designate apes (and thus humans) as monkeys, so "old world monkey" may be taken to mean either the cercopithecoidea (not including apes) or the catarrhini (including apes). that apes are monkeys was already realized by georges-louis leclerc, comte de buffon in the 18th century. linnaeus placed this group in 1758 together with the tarsiers, in a single genus "simia" (sans homo), an ensemble now recognised as the haplorhini.monkeys, including apes, can be distinguished from other primates by having only two pectoral nipples, a pendulous penis, and a lack of sensory whiskers.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Okra

Okra or okro (us: , uk: ), abelmoschus esculentus, known in many english-speaking countries as ladies' fingers or ochro, is a flowering plant in the mallow family. it has edible green seed pods. the geographical origin of okra is disputed, with supporters of west african, ethiopian, southeast asian, and south asian origins. the plant is cultivated in tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate regions around the world and is a notable part of the cuisine of the southern united states as well as middle eastern cuisine, indian cuisine, brazilian cuisine and sri lankan cuisine.

Drink

Osang

Main

Paella

Paella (, , py-el-ə, pah-ay-yə, valencian: [paˈeʎa], spanish: [paˈeʎa]) is a rice dish originally from valencia. while it is commonly viewed by non-spaniards as spain's national dish, spaniards almost unanimously consider it to be a dish from the valencian region. valencians, in turn, regard paella as one of their identifying symbols. it is one of the best-known dishes in spanish cuisine. the dish takes its name from the wide, shallow traditional pan used to cook the dish on an open fire, paella being the word for a frying pan in valencia's regional language. as a dish, it may have ancient roots, but in its modern form it is traced back to the mid-19th century, in the rural area around the albufera lagoon adjacent to the city of valencia, on the mediterranean coast of spain.paella valenciana is the traditional paella of the valencia region, believed to be the original recipe, and consists of round-grain rice, bajoqueta and tavella (varieties of green beans), rabbit, chicken, sometimes duck, and garrofó (a variety of lima or butter bean), cooked in olive oil and chicken broth. the dish is sometimes seasoned with whole rosemary branches. traditionally, the yellow color comes from saffron, but turmeric and calendula can be used as substitutes. artichoke hearts and stems may be used as seasonal ingredients. most paella cooks use bomba rice, but valencians tend to use a cultivar known as senia.paella de marisco (seafood paella) replaces meat with seafood and omits beans and green vegetables, while paella mixta (mixed paella) combines meat from livestock, seafood, vegetables, and sometimes beans, with the traditional rice. other popular local variations of paella are cooked all through the mediterranean area, the rest of spain and internationally.

Drink

Palm wine

Palm wine, known by several local names, is an alcoholic beverage created from the sap of various species of palm tree such as the palmyra, date palms, and coconut palms. it is known by various names in different regions and is common in various parts of africa, the caribbean, south america, south asia, southeast asia and micronesia. palm wine production by smallholders and individual farmers may promote conservation as palm trees become a source of regular household income that may economically be worth more than the value of timber sold.

Main

Pangolin

Pangolins, sometimes known as scaly anteaters, are mammals of the order pholidota (, from ancient greek ϕολιδωτός – "clad in scales"). the one extant family, the manidae, has three genera: manis, phataginus, and smutsia. manis comprises the four species found in asia, while phataginus and smutsia include two species each, all found in sub-saharan africa. these species range in size from 30 to 100 cm (12 to 39 in). a number of extinct pangolin species are also known. pangolins have large, protective keratin scales, similar in material to fingernails and toenails, covering their skin; they are the only known mammals with this feature. they live in hollow trees or burrows, depending on the species. pangolins are nocturnal, and their diet consists of mainly ants and termites, which they capture using their long tongues. they tend to be solitary animals, meeting only to mate and produce a litter of one to three offspring, which they raise for about two years. pangolins are threatened by poaching (for their meat and scales, which are used in traditional medicine) and heavy deforestation of their natural habitats, and they are the most trafficked mammals in the world. as of january 2020, there are eight species of pangolin whose conservation status is listed in the threatened tier. three (manis culionensis, m. pentadactyla and m. javanica) are critically endangered, three (phataginus tricuspis, manis crassicaudata and smutsia gigantea) are endangered and two (phataginus tetradactyla and smutsia temminckii) are vulnerable on the red list of threatened species of the international union for conservation of nature.

Main

Peanut sauce

Peanut stew or groundnut stew, also called as maafe (wolof, mafé, maffé, maffe), sauce d'arachide (french), tigadèguèna or domoda, is a stew that is a staple food in western africa. it originates from the mandinka and bambara people of mali.the proper name for it in the mandinka language is domodah or tigadegena (lit. 'peanut butter sauce,' where tige is 'peanut,' dege is 'paste,' and na is 'sauce') in bamanankan.domodah is also used by gambians, having been borrowed from the mandinka language. in senegal domodah or domoda referts to flour-thickened soup or stew, which is different from mafe that uses peanut paste. it is a favorite dish among several senegal and gambia ethnic groups. with the huge expansion of groundnut cultivation during the colonial period, maafe has also become a popular dish across west africa, even outside west africa such as in cameroon and france. variants of the dish appear in the cuisine of nations throughout west africa and central africa. it is very similar to groundnut soup. it may have a thicker consistency. made from lamb, beef, chicken, or without meat, maafe is cooked with a sauce based on groundnuts, especially peanut butter/paste, and tomatoes. in ghana, groundnut stew is often accompanied with fufu.

Main

Peanut sauce

Peanut stew or groundnut stew, also called as maafe (wolof, mafé, maffé, maffe), sauce d'arachide (french), tigadèguèna or domoda, is a stew that is a staple food in western africa. it originates from the mandinka and bambara people of mali.the proper name for it in the mandinka language is domodah or tigadegena (lit. 'peanut butter sauce,' where tige is 'peanut,' dege is 'paste,' and na is 'sauce') in bamanankan.domodah is also used by gambians, having been borrowed from the mandinka language. in senegal domodah or domoda referts to flour-thickened soup or stew, which is different from mafe that uses peanut paste. it is a favorite dish among several senegal and gambia ethnic groups. with the huge expansion of groundnut cultivation during the colonial period, maafe has also become a popular dish across west africa, even outside west africa such as in cameroon and france. variants of the dish appear in the cuisine of nations throughout west africa and central africa. it is very similar to groundnut soup. it may have a thicker consistency. made from lamb, beef, chicken, or without meat, maafe is cooked with a sauce based on groundnuts, especially peanut butter/paste, and tomatoes. in ghana, groundnut stew is often accompanied with fufu.

Main

Pepesup

Spicy fish soup

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Plantain

Cooking bananas are banana cultivars in the genus musa whose fruits are generally used in cooking. they may be eaten ripe or unripe and are generally starchy. many cooking bananas are referred to as plantains (/ˈplæntɪn/, us: /plænˈteɪn/, uk: /ˈplɑːntɪn/) or green bananas. in botanical usage, the term "plantain" is used only for true plantains, while other starchy cultivars used for cooking are called "cooking bananas". true plantains are cultivars belonging to the aab group, while cooking bananas are any cultivars belonging to aab, aaa, abb, or bbb groups. the currently accepted scientific name for all such cultivars in these groups is musa × paradisiaca. fe'i bananas (musa × troglodytarum) from the pacific islands are often eaten roasted or boiled, and are thus informally referred to as "mountain plantains," but they do not belong to any of the species from which all modern banana cultivars are descended.cooking bananas are a major food staple in west and central africa, the caribbean islands, central america, and northern south america. members of the genus musa are indigenous to the tropical regions of southeast asia and oceania. bananas fruit all year round, making them a reliable all-season staple food.cooking bananas are treated as a starchy fruit with a relatively neutral flavor and soft texture when cooked. cooking bananas may be eaten raw, however they are most commonly prepared either fried, boiled, or processed into flour or dough.

Main

Porcupine

Porcupines are large rodents with coats of sharp spines, or quills, that protect them against predation. the term covers two families of animals: the old world porcupines of family hystricidae, and the new world porcupines of family erethizontidae. both families belong to the infraorder hystricognathi within the profoundly diverse order rodentia and display superficially similar coats of rigid or semi-rigid quills which are modified hairs composed of keratin. despite this, the two groups are distinct from one another and are not closely related to each other within the hystricognathi. the largest species of porcupine is the third-largest living rodent in the world after the capybara and beaver. the old world porcupines live in italy, asia (western and southern), and most of africa. they are large, terrestrial, and strictly nocturnal. in taxonomic terms, they form the family hystricidae. the new world porcupines are indigenous to north america and northern south america. they live in wooded areas and can climb trees, where some species spend their entire lives. they are less strictly nocturnal than their old world counterparts, and generally smaller. in taxonomic terms, they form the family erethizontidae. most porcupines are about 60–90 cm (25–36 in) long, with a 20–25 cm (8–10 in) long tail. weighing 5–16 kg (12–35 lb), they are rounded, large, and slow, and use an aposematic strategy of defence. porcupines' colouration consists of various shades of brown, grey and white. porcupines' spiny protection resembles that of the unrelated erinaceomorph hedgehogs and australian monotreme echidnas as well as tenrecid tenrecs.

Breakfast

Porridge

Porridge is a food made by heating or boiling ground, crushed or chopped starchy plants, typically grain, in milk or water. it is often cooked or served with added flavourings such as sugar, honey, (dried) fruit or syrup to make a sweet cereal, or it can be mixed with spices, meat or vegetables to make a savoury dish. it is usually served hot in a bowl, depending on its consistency. oat porridge, or oatmeal, is one of the most common types of porridge. gruel is a thinner version of porridge.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Rice

Rice is the seed of the grass species oryza sativa (asian rice) or less commonly oryza glaberrima (african rice). the name wild rice is usually used for species of the genera zizania and porteresia, both wild and domesticated, although the term may also be used for primitive or uncultivated varieties of oryza. as a cereal grain, domesticated rice is the most widely consumed staple food for over half of the world's human population, especially in asia and africa. it is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production, after sugarcane and maize. since sizable portions of sugarcane and maize crops are used for purposes other than human consumption, rice is the most important food crop with regard to human nutrition and caloric intake, providing more than one-fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by humans. there are many varieties of rice and culinary preferences tend to vary regionally. the traditional method for cultivating rice is flooding the fields while, or after, setting the young seedlings. this simple method requires sound irrigation planning but reduces the growth of less robust weed and pest plants that have no submerged growth state, and deters vermin. while flooding is not mandatory for the cultivation of rice, all other methods of irrigation require higher effort in weed and pest control during growth periods and a different approach for fertilizing the soil. rice, a monocot, is normally grown as an annual plant, although in tropical areas it can survive as a perennial and can produce a ratoon crop for up to 30 years. rice cultivation is well-suited to countries and regions with low labor costs and high rainfall, as it is labor-intensive to cultivate and requires ample water. however, rice can be grown practically anywhere, even on a steep hill or mountain area with the use of water-controlling terrace systems. although its parent species are native to asia and certain parts of africa, centuries of trade and exportation have made it commonplace in many cultures worldwide. production and consumption of rice is estimated to have been responsible for 4% of global greenhouse gas emissions in 2010.

Main

Roast chicken

Roast chicken is chicken prepared as food by roasting whether in a home kitchen, over a fire, or with a rotisserie (rotary spit). generally, the chicken is roasted with its own fat and juices by circulating the meat during roasting, and therefore, are usually cooked exposed to fire or heat with some type of rotary grill so that the circulation of these fats and juices is as efficient as possible. roast chicken is a dish that appears in a wide variety of cuisines worldwide.

Main

Rodents

Drink

San Miguel

Main

Snails

Snails are considered edible in certain areas such as the mediterranean region, africa, or southeast asia, while in other cultures it is considered as taboo food. in american english, edible land snails are also called escargot, taken from the french word for 'snail', and the production of snails for consumption is called snail farming or heliciculture. snails as food date back to ancient times, and it was a dish that was already served on the tables of ancient greece and rome. the snails are collected after the rains, and are put to "purge" (fasting). in the past, the consumption of snails had a marked seasonality, from april to june. however, thanks to snail breeding techniques, today they are available all year round. heliciculture occurs mainly in spain, france and italy, which are also the countries with the greatest culinary tradition of the snail. although throughout history, the snail has had little value in the kitchen because it is considered "poverty food", in recent times it can be classified as a delicacy thanks to the appreciation given to it by haute cuisine chefs.

Main

Snake

Snakes are elongated, limbless, carnivorous reptiles of the suborder serpentes . like all other squamates, snakes are ectothermic, amniote vertebrates covered in overlapping scales. many species of snakes have skulls with several more joints than their lizard ancestors, enabling them to swallow prey much larger than their heads (cranial kinesis). to accommodate their narrow bodies, snakes' paired organs (such as kidneys) appear one in front of the other instead of side by side, and most have only one functional lung. some species retain a pelvic girdle with a pair of vestigial claws on either side of the cloaca. lizards have evolved elongate bodies without limbs or with greatly reduced limbs about twenty-five times independently via convergent evolution, leading to many lineages of legless lizards. these resemble snakes, but several common groups of legless lizards have eyelids and external ears, which snakes lack, although this rule is not universal (see amphisbaenia, dibamidae, and pygopodidae). living snakes are found on every continent except antarctica, and on most smaller land masses; exceptions include some large islands, such as ireland, iceland, greenland, the hawaiian archipelago, and the islands of new zealand, as well as many small islands of the atlantic and central pacific oceans. additionally, sea snakes are widespread throughout the indian and pacific oceans. more than twenty families are currently recognized, comprising about 520 genera and about 3,900 species. they range in size from the tiny, 10.4 cm-long (4.1 in) barbados threadsnake to the reticulated python of 6.95 meters (22.8 ft) in length. the fossil species titanoboa cerrejonensis was 12.8 meters (42 ft) long. snakes are thought to have evolved from either burrowing or aquatic lizards, perhaps during the jurassic period, with the earliest known fossils dating to between 143 and 167 ma ago. the diversity of modern snakes appeared during the paleocene epoch (c. 66 to 56 ma ago, after the cretaceous–paleogene extinction event). the oldest preserved descriptions of snakes can be found in the brooklyn papyrus. most species of snake are nonvenomous and those that have venom use it primarily to kill and subdue prey rather than for self-defense. some possess venom that is potent enough to cause painful injury or death to humans. nonvenomous snakes either swallow prey alive or kill by constriction.

Main

Spanish omelette

Spanish omelette or spanish tortilla is a traditional dish from spain. celebrated as a national dish by spaniards, it is an essential part of the spanish cuisine. it is an omelette made with eggs and potatoes, optionally including onion. it is often served at room temperature as a tapa. it is commonly known in spanish-speaking countries as tortilla de patatas, tortilla de papas, tortilla española.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Stewed greens

Stewed cassava leaves, kale, malakwang, blackjack, goosefoot, marogo, pigweed, purslane, thistle, sweet potato leaves, malanga, pumpkin leaves, njama njama, spinach

Main

Stewed meat

A stew is a combination of solid food ingredients that have been cooked in liquid and served in the resultant gravy. ingredients in a stew can include any combination of vegetables and may include meat, especially tougher meats suitable for slow-cooking, such as beef, pork, lamb, poultry, sausages, and seafood. while water can be used as the stew-cooking liquid, stock is also common. a small amount of red wine is sometimes added for flavour. seasoning and flavourings may also be added. stews are typically cooked at a relatively low temperature (simmered, not boiled), allowing flavours to mingle. stewing is suitable for the least tender cuts of meat that become tender and juicy with the slow moist heat method. this makes it popular in low-cost cooking. cuts having a certain amount of marbling and gelatinous connective tissue give moist, juicy stews, while lean meat may easily become dry. stews are thickened by reduction or with flour, either by coating pieces of meat with flour before searing, or by using a roux or beurre manié, a dough consisting of equal parts of fat and flour. thickeners like cornstarch, potato starch, or arrowroot may also be used. stews are similar to soups, and in some cases there may not be a clear distinction between the two. generally, stews have less liquid than soups, are much thicker and require longer cooking over low heat. while soups are almost always served in a bowl, stews may be thick enough to be served on a plate with the gravy as a sauce over the solid ingredients.

Main

Stewed vegetables

Main

Turtle

Turtles are an order of reptiles known as testudines, characterized by a shell developed mainly from their ribs. modern turtles are divided into two major groups, the side-necked turtles and hidden neck turtles, which differ in the way the head retracts. there are 360 living and recently extinct species of turtles, including land-dwelling tortoises and freshwater terrapins. they are found on most continents, some islands and, in the case of sea turtles, much of the ocean. like other reptiles, birds, and mammals, they breathe air and do not lay eggs underwater, although many species live in or around water. genetic evidence typically places them in close relation to crocodilians and birds. turtle shells are made mostly of bone; the upper part is the domed carapace, while the underside is the flatter plastron or belly-plate. its outer surface is covered in scales made of keratin, the material of hair, horns, and claws. the carapace bones develop from ribs that grow sideways and develop into broad flat plates that join up to cover the body. turtles are ectotherms or "cold-blooded", meaning that their internal temperature varies with their direct environment. they are generally opportunistic omnivores and mainly feed on plants and animals with limited movements. many turtles migrate short distances seasonally. sea turtles are the only reptiles that migrate long distances to lay their eggs on a favored beach. turtles have appeared in myths and folktales around the world. some terrestrial and freshwater species are widely kept as pets. turtles have been hunted for their meat, for use in traditional medicine, and for their shells. sea turtles are often killed accidentally as bycatch in fishing nets. turtle habitats around the world are being destroyed. as a result of these pressures, many species are threatened with extinction.

Main

Wild game

Game or quarry is any wild animal hunted for animal products (primarily meat), for recreation ("sporting"), or for trophies. the species of animals hunted as game varies in different parts of the world and by different local jurisdictions, though most are terrestrial mammals and birds. fish caught non-commercially (recreational fishing) are also referred to as game fish.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Yam

Yam is the common name for some plant species in the genus dioscorea (family dioscoreaceae) that form edible tubers. yams are perennial herbaceous vines cultivated for the consumption of their starchy tubers in many temperate and tropical regions, especially in west africa, south america and the caribbean, asia, and oceania. the tubers themselves, also called "yams", come in a variety of forms owing to numerous cultivars and related species.yams were independently domesticated on three different continents: africa (dioscorea rotundata), asia (dioscorea alata), and the americas (dioscorea trifida).