Main

Akiaki

The white tern or common white tern (gygis alba) is a small seabird found across the tropical oceans of the world. it is sometimes known as the fairy tern although this name is potentially confusing as it is also the common name of sternula nereis. other names for the species include angel tern and white noddy in english, and manu-o-kū in hawaiian. the little white tern (gygis microrhyncha), previously considered a subspecies of the white tern (gygis alba microrhyncha), is now recognised as a separate species.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Banana

A banana is an elongated, edible fruit – botanically a berry – produced by several kinds of large herbaceous flowering plants in the genus musa. in some countries, bananas used for cooking may be called "plantains", distinguishing them from dessert bananas. the fruit is variable in size, color, and firmness, but is usually elongated and curved, with soft flesh rich in starch covered with a rind, which may be green, yellow, red, purple, or brown when ripe. the fruits grow upward in clusters near the top of the plant. almost all modern edible seedless (parthenocarp) bananas come from two wild species – musa acuminata and musa balbisiana. the scientific names of most cultivated bananas are musa acuminata, musa balbisiana, and musa × paradisiaca for the hybrid musa acuminata × m. balbisiana, depending on their genomic constitution. the old scientific name for this hybrid, musa sapientum, is no longer used. musa species are native to tropical indomalaya and australia, and are likely to have been first domesticated in papua new guinea. they are grown in 135 countries, primarily for their fruit, and to a lesser extent to make fiber, banana wine, and banana beer and as ornamental plants. the world's largest producers of bananas in 2017 were india and china, which together accounted for approximately 38% of total production.worldwide, there is no sharp distinction between "bananas" and "plantains". especially in the americas and europe, "banana" usually refers to soft, sweet, dessert bananas, particularly those of the cavendish group, which are the main exports from banana-growing countries. by contrast, musa cultivars with firmer, starchier fruit are called "plantains". in other regions, such as southeast asia, many more kinds of banana are grown and eaten, so the binary distinction is not as useful and is not made in local languages. the term "banana" is also used as the common name for the plants that produce the fruit. this can extend to other members of the genus musa, such as the scarlet banana (musa coccinea), the pink banana (musa velutina), and the fe'i bananas. it can also refer to members of the genus ensete, such as the snow banana (ensete glaucum) and the economically important false banana (ensete ventricosum). both genera are in the banana family, musaceae.

Dessert, Sweet

Banana fritters

A banana fritter is a fritter made by deep frying battered banana or plantain in hot oil. it is a common dish across southeast asia and the indian subcontinent.

Main

Black noddy

The black noddy or white-capped noddy (anous minutus) is a seabird from the family laridae. it is a medium-sized species of tern with black plumage and a white cap. it closely resembles the lesser noddy (anous tenuirostris) with which it was at one time considered conspecific. the black noddy has slightly darker plumage and dark rather than pale lores.

Breakfast

Bread

Bread is a staple food prepared from a dough of flour (usually wheat) and water, usually by baking. throughout recorded history and around the world, it has been an important part of many cultures' diet. it is one of the oldest human-made foods, having been of significance since the dawn of agriculture, and plays an essential role in both religious rituals and secular culture. bread may be leavened by naturally occurring microbes (e.g. sourdough), chemicals (e.g. baking soda), industrially produced yeast, or high-pressure aeration, which creates the gas bubbles that fluff up bread. in many countries, commercial bread often contains additives to improve flavor, texture, color, shelf life, nutrition, and ease of production.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Breadfruit

Breadfruit (artocarpus altilis) is a species of flowering tree in the mulberry and jackfruit family (moraceae) believed to be a domesticated descendant of artocarpus camansi originating in new guinea, the maluku islands, and the philippines. it was initially spread to oceania via the austronesian expansion. it was further spread to other tropical regions of the world during the colonial era. british and french navigators introduced a few polynesian seedless varieties to caribbean islands during the late 18th century. today it is grown in some 90 countries throughout south and southeast asia, the pacific ocean, the caribbean, central america and africa. its name is derived from the texture of the moderately ripe fruit when cooked, similar to freshly baked bread and having a potato-like flavor.the trees have been widely planted in tropical regions, including lowland central america, northern south america, and the caribbean. in addition to the fruit serving as a staple food in many cultures, the light, sturdy timber of breadfruit has been used for outriggers, ships, and houses in the tropics. breadfruit is closely related to artocarpus camansi (breadnut or seeded breadfruit) of new guinea, the maluku islands, and the philippines, artocarpus blancoi (tipolo or antipolo) of the philippines, and artocarpus mariannensis (dugdug) of micronesia, all of which are sometimes also referred to as "breadfruit". it is also closely related to the jackfruit.

Main

Breadfruit

Breadfruit (artocarpus altilis) is a species of flowering tree in the mulberry and jackfruit family (moraceae) believed to be a domesticated descendant of artocarpus camansi originating in new guinea, the maluku islands, and the philippines. it was initially spread to oceania via the austronesian expansion. it was further spread to other tropical regions of the world during the colonial era. british and french navigators introduced a few polynesian seedless varieties to caribbean islands during the late 18th century. today it is grown in some 90 countries throughout south and southeast asia, the pacific ocean, the caribbean, central america and africa. its name is derived from the texture of the moderately ripe fruit when cooked, similar to freshly baked bread and having a potato-like flavor.the trees have been widely planted in tropical regions, including lowland central america, northern south america, and the caribbean. in addition to the fruit serving as a staple food in many cultures, the light, sturdy timber of breadfruit has been used for outriggers, ships, and houses in the tropics. breadfruit is closely related to artocarpus camansi (breadnut or seeded breadfruit) of new guinea, the maluku islands, and the philippines, artocarpus blancoi (tipolo or antipolo) of the philippines, and artocarpus mariannensis (dugdug) of micronesia, all of which are sometimes also referred to as "breadfruit". it is also closely related to the jackfruit.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Breadfruit

Rolled mashed breadfruit with sweet potato leaf stuffing and pumpkin

Main

Ceviche

Ceviche, also cebiche, seviche, or sebiche (spanish pronunciation: [seˈβitʃe]) is a south american seafood dish originally from what is the modern day country of peru, typically made from fresh raw fish cured in fresh citrus juices, most commonly lemon or lime. it is also spiced with ají, chili peppers or other seasonings and julienned red onions, salt, and coriander are also added. the name originates from the quechuan word siwichi, which means fresh or tender fish.because the dish is eaten raw, and not cooked with heat, it must be prepared fresh and consumed immediately to minimize the risk of food poisoning. ceviche is often eaten as an appetizer; if eaten as a main dish, it is usually accompanied by side dishes that complement its flavors, such as sweet potato, lettuce, maize, avocado, or cooking banana.the dish is popular in the pacific coastal regions of western south america. the origin of ceviche is ancient incan which today corresponds to the modern day country of peru. the technique of macerating raw fish and meat in vinegar, citrus, and spices (escabeche) was brought to the americas from spain and is linked to the muslim heritage in spanish cuisine. however, archeological records suggest that something resembling ceviche may have been in the western south america as early as two thousand years ago. the dominant position lima held through four centuries as the capital of the viceroyalty of peru allowed for popular dishes such as ceviche to be brought to other spanish administrative provinces in the region, and in time they became a part of local cuisine by incorporating regional flavors and styles.

Main

Clam

Clam is a common name for several kinds of bivalve molluscs. the word is often applied only to those that are edible and live as infauna, spending most of their lives halfway buried in the sand of the seafloor or riverbeds. clams have two shells of equal size connected by two adductor muscles and have a powerful burrowing foot. they live in both freshwater and marine environments; in salt water they prefer to burrow down into the mud and the turbidity of the water required varies with species and location; the greatest diversity of these is in north america.clams in the culinary sense do not live attached to a substrate (whereas oysters and mussels do) and do not live near the bottom (whereas scallops do). in culinary usage, clams are commonly eaten marine bivalves, as in clam digging and the resulting soup, clam chowder. many edible clams such as palourde clams are ovoid or triangular; however, razor clams have an elongated parallel-sided shell, suggesting an old-fashioned straight razor.some clams have life cycles of only one year, while at least one may be over 500 years old. all clams have two calcareous shells or valves joined near a hinge with a flexible ligament and all are filter feeders.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Coconut

The coconut tree (cocos nucifera) is a member of the palm tree family (arecaceae) and the only living species of the genus cocos. the term "coconut" (or the archaic "cocoanut") can refer to the whole coconut palm, the seed, or the fruit, which botanically is a drupe, not a nut. the name comes from the old portuguese word coco, meaning "head" or "skull", after the three indentations on the coconut shell that resemble facial features. they are ubiquitous in coastal tropical regions and are a cultural icon of the tropics. the coconut tree provides food, fuel, cosmetics, folk medicine and building materials, among many other uses. the inner flesh of the mature seed, as well as the coconut milk extracted from it, form a regular part of the diets of many people in the tropics and subtropics. coconuts are distinct from other fruits because their endosperm contains a large quantity of clear liquid, called coconut water or coconut juice. mature, ripe coconuts can be used as edible seeds, or processed for oil and plant milk from the flesh, charcoal from the hard shell, and coir from the fibrous husk. dried coconut flesh is called copra, and the oil and milk derived from it are commonly used in cooking – frying in particular – as well as in soaps and cosmetics. sweet coconut sap can be made into drinks or fermented into palm wine or coconut vinegar. the hard shells, fibrous husks and long pinnate leaves can be used as material to make a variety of products for furnishing and decoration. the coconut has cultural and religious significance in certain societies, particularly in the western pacific austronesian cultures where it features in their mythologies, songs, and oral traditions. it also had ceremonial importance in pre-colonial animistic religions. it has also acquired religious significance in south asian cultures, where it is used in hindu rituals. it forms the basis of wedding and worship rituals in hinduism. it also plays a central role in the coconut religion of vietnam. the falling of their mature fruit has led to preoccupation with death by coconut.coconuts were first domesticated by the austronesian peoples in island southeast asia and were spread during the neolithic via their seaborne migrations as far east as the pacific islands, and as far west as madagascar and the comoros. they played a critical role in the long sea voyages of austronesians by providing a portable source of food and water, as well as providing building materials for austronesian outrigger boats. coconuts were also later spread in historic times along the coasts of the indian and atlantic oceans by south asian, arab, and european sailors. based on these separate introductions, coconut populations can still be divided into pacific coconuts and indo-atlantic coconuts, respectively. coconuts were introduced by europeans to the americas only during the colonial era in the columbian exchange, but there is evidence of a possible pre-columbian introduction of pacific coconuts to panama by austronesian sailors. the evolutionary origin of the coconut is under dispute, with theories stating that it may have evolved in asia, south america, or on pacific islands. trees grow up to 30 metres (100 feet) tall and can yield up to 75 fruits per year, though fewer than 30 is more typical. plants are intolerant of cold weather and prefer copious precipitation, as well as full sunlight. many insect pests and diseases affect the species and are a nuisance for commercial production. about 75% of the world's supply of coconuts is produced by indonesia, philippines, and india. the coconut tree is the official state tree of kerala, india.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Coconut

The coconut tree (cocos nucifera) is a member of the palm tree family (arecaceae) and the only living species of the genus cocos. the term "coconut" (or the archaic "cocoanut") can refer to the whole coconut palm, the seed, or the fruit, which botanically is a drupe, not a nut. the name comes from the old portuguese word coco, meaning "head" or "skull", after the three indentations on the coconut shell that resemble facial features. they are ubiquitous in coastal tropical regions and are a cultural icon of the tropics. the coconut tree provides food, fuel, cosmetics, folk medicine and building materials, among many other uses. the inner flesh of the mature seed, as well as the coconut milk extracted from it, form a regular part of the diets of many people in the tropics and subtropics. coconuts are distinct from other fruits because their endosperm contains a large quantity of clear liquid, called coconut water or coconut juice. mature, ripe coconuts can be used as edible seeds, or processed for oil and plant milk from the flesh, charcoal from the hard shell, and coir from the fibrous husk. dried coconut flesh is called copra, and the oil and milk derived from it are commonly used in cooking – frying in particular – as well as in soaps and cosmetics. sweet coconut sap can be made into drinks or fermented into palm wine or coconut vinegar. the hard shells, fibrous husks and long pinnate leaves can be used as material to make a variety of products for furnishing and decoration. the coconut has cultural and religious significance in certain societies, particularly in the western pacific austronesian cultures where it features in their mythologies, songs, and oral traditions. it also had ceremonial importance in pre-colonial animistic religions. it has also acquired religious significance in south asian cultures, where it is used in hindu rituals. it forms the basis of wedding and worship rituals in hinduism. it also plays a central role in the coconut religion of vietnam. the falling of their mature fruit has led to preoccupation with death by coconut.coconuts were first domesticated by the austronesian peoples in island southeast asia and were spread during the neolithic via their seaborne migrations as far east as the pacific islands, and as far west as madagascar and the comoros. they played a critical role in the long sea voyages of austronesians by providing a portable source of food and water, as well as providing building materials for austronesian outrigger boats. coconuts were also later spread in historic times along the coasts of the indian and atlantic oceans by south asian, arab, and european sailors. based on these separate introductions, coconut populations can still be divided into pacific coconuts and indo-atlantic coconuts, respectively. coconuts were introduced by europeans to the americas only during the colonial era in the columbian exchange, but there is evidence of a possible pre-columbian introduction of pacific coconuts to panama by austronesian sailors. the evolutionary origin of the coconut is under dispute, with theories stating that it may have evolved in asia, south america, or on pacific islands. trees grow up to 30 metres (100 feet) tall and can yield up to 75 fruits per year, though fewer than 30 is more typical. plants are intolerant of cold weather and prefer copious precipitation, as well as full sunlight. many insect pests and diseases affect the species and are a nuisance for commercial production. about 75% of the world's supply of coconuts is produced by indonesia, philippines, and india. the coconut tree is the official state tree of kerala, india.

Main

Coconut crab

The coconut crab (birgus latro) is a species of terrestrial hermit crab, also known as the robber crab or palm thief. it is the largest terrestrial arthropod in the world, with a weight of up to 4.1 kg (9 lb). it can grow to up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) in width from the tip of one leg to the tip of another. it is found on islands across the indian ocean, and parts of the pacific ocean as far east as the gambier islands and pitcairn islands, similar to the distribution of the coconut palm; it has been extirpated from most areas with a significant human population, including mainland australia and madagascar. coconut crabs also live off the coast of africa near zanzibar. the coconut crab is the only species of the genus birgus, and is related to the other terrestrial hermit crabs of the genus coenobita. it shows a number of adaptations to life on land. juvenile coconut crabs use empty gastropod shells for protection like other hermit crabs, but the adults develop a tough exoskeleton on their abdomens and stop carrying a shell. coconut crabs have organs known as branchiostegal lungs, which they use for breathing instead of their vestigial gills. after the juvenile stage, they will drown if immersed in water for too long. they have an acute sense of smell which they use to find potential food sources, and which has developed convergently with that of insects. adult coconut crabs feed primarily on fleshy fruits, nuts, seeds, and the pith of fallen trees, but they will eat carrion and other organic matter opportunistically. anything left unattended on the ground is a potential source of food, which they will investigate and may carry away – thereby getting the alternative name of "robber crab." the species is popularly associated with the coconut palm, yet coconuts are not a significant part of its diet. although it lives in a burrow, the crab has been filmed climbing coconut and pandanus trees. no film shows a crab selectively picking coconut fruit, though they might dislodge ripe fruit that otherwise would fall naturally. climbing is an immediate escape route (if too far from the burrow) to avoid predation by large sea birds (when young) or by humans, or cannibalism (at any age) by bigger, older crabs. mating occurs on dry land, but the females return to the edge of the sea to release their fertilized eggs, and then retreat back up the beach. the larvae that hatch are planktonic for 3–4 weeks, before settling to the sea floor, entering a gastropod shell and returning to dry land. sexual maturity is reached after about 5 years, and the total lifespan may be over 60 years. in the 3–4 weeks that the larvae remain at sea, their chances of reaching another suitable location is enhanced if a floating life support system avails itself to them. examples of the systems that provide such opportunities include floating logs and rafts of marine or terrestrial vegetation. similarly, floating coconuts can be a very significant part of the crab's dispersal options. fossils of this crab date back to the miocene.

Dessert, Sweet

Coconut pudding

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Coconut rice

Coconut rice is a dish prepared by soaking white rice in coconut milk or cooking it with coconut flakes. as both the coconut and the rice-plant are commonly found in the tropics all-around the world, coconut rice too is found in many cultures throughout the world, spanning across the equator from the indian subcontinent, southeast asia, south america, central america, east africa, the caribbean and oceania.

Main

Coconut rice

Coconut rice is a dish prepared by soaking white rice in coconut milk or cooking it with coconut flakes. as both the coconut and the rice-plant are commonly found in the tropics all-around the world, coconut rice too is found in many cultures throughout the world, spanning across the equator from the indian subcontinent, southeast asia, south america, central america, east africa, the caribbean and oceania.

Drink

Coffee

Coffee is a brewed drink prepared from roasted coffee beans, the seeds of berries from certain flowering plants in the coffea genus. from the coffee fruit, the seeds are separated to produce a stable, raw product: unroasted green coffee. the seeds are then roasted, a process which transforms them into a consumable product: roasted coffee, which is ground into fine particles that are typically steeped in hot water before being filtered out, producing a cup of coffee. coffee is darkly colored, bitter, slightly acidic and has a stimulating effect in humans, primarily due to its caffeine content. it is one of the most popular drinks in the world and can be prepared and presented in a variety of ways (e.g., espresso, french press, caffè latte, or already-brewed canned coffee). it is usually served hot, although chilled or iced coffee is common. sugar, sugar substitutes, milk or cream are often used to lessen the bitter taste or enhance the flavor. it may be served with coffee cake or another sweet dessert, like doughnuts. a commercial establishment that sells prepared coffee beverages is known as a coffeehouse or coffee shop (not to be confused with dutch coffeeshops selling cannabis). clinical research indicates that moderate coffee consumption is benign or mildly beneficial as a stimulant in healthy adults, with continuing research on whether long-term consumption has positive or negative effects.though coffee is now a global commodity, it has a long history tied closely to food traditions around the red sea. the earliest credible evidence of the drinking of coffee in the form of the modern beverage appears in modern-day yemen from the mid-15th century in sufi shrines, where coffee seeds were first roasted and brewed in a manner similar to current methods. the yemenis procured the coffee beans from the ethiopian highlands via coastal somali intermediaries and began cultivation. by the 16th century, the drink had reached the rest of the middle east and north africa, later spreading to europe. in the 20th century, coffee became a much more global commodity, creating different coffee cultures around the world. the two most commonly grown coffee bean types are c. arabica and c. robusta. coffee plants are cultivated in over 70 countries, primarily in the equatorial regions of the americas, southeast asia, the indian subcontinent, and africa. as of 2018, brazil was the leading grower of coffee beans, producing 35% of the world total. coffee is a major export commodity as the leading legal agricultural export for numerous countries. it is one of the most valuable commodities exported by developing countries. green, unroasted coffee is the most traded agricultural commodity and one of the most traded commodities overall, second only to petroleum. despite the sales of coffee reaching billions of dollars, those actually producing the beans are disproportionately living in poverty. critics also point to the coffee industry's negative impact on the environment and the clearing of land for coffee-growing and water use. the environmental costs and wage disparity of farmers are causing the market for fair trade and organic coffee to expand.

Breakfast

Coffee

Coffee is a brewed drink prepared from roasted coffee beans, the seeds of berries from certain flowering plants in the coffea genus. from the coffee fruit, the seeds are separated to produce a stable, raw product: unroasted green coffee. the seeds are then roasted, a process which transforms them into a consumable product: roasted coffee, which is ground into fine particles that are typically steeped in hot water before being filtered out, producing a cup of coffee. coffee is darkly colored, bitter, slightly acidic and has a stimulating effect in humans, primarily due to its caffeine content. it is one of the most popular drinks in the world and can be prepared and presented in a variety of ways (e.g., espresso, french press, caffè latte, or already-brewed canned coffee). it is usually served hot, although chilled or iced coffee is common. sugar, sugar substitutes, milk or cream are often used to lessen the bitter taste or enhance the flavor. it may be served with coffee cake or another sweet dessert, like doughnuts. a commercial establishment that sells prepared coffee beverages is known as a coffeehouse or coffee shop (not to be confused with dutch coffeeshops selling cannabis). clinical research indicates that moderate coffee consumption is benign or mildly beneficial as a stimulant in healthy adults, with continuing research on whether long-term consumption has positive or negative effects.though coffee is now a global commodity, it has a long history tied closely to food traditions around the red sea. the earliest credible evidence of the drinking of coffee in the form of the modern beverage appears in modern-day yemen from the mid-15th century in sufi shrines, where coffee seeds were first roasted and brewed in a manner similar to current methods. the yemenis procured the coffee beans from the ethiopian highlands via coastal somali intermediaries and began cultivation. by the 16th century, the drink had reached the rest of the middle east and north africa, later spreading to europe. in the 20th century, coffee became a much more global commodity, creating different coffee cultures around the world. the two most commonly grown coffee bean types are c. arabica and c. robusta. coffee plants are cultivated in over 70 countries, primarily in the equatorial regions of the americas, southeast asia, the indian subcontinent, and africa. as of 2018, brazil was the leading grower of coffee beans, producing 35% of the world total. coffee is a major export commodity as the leading legal agricultural export for numerous countries. it is one of the most valuable commodities exported by developing countries. green, unroasted coffee is the most traded agricultural commodity and one of the most traded commodities overall, second only to petroleum. despite the sales of coffee reaching billions of dollars, those actually producing the beans are disproportionately living in poverty. critics also point to the coffee industry's negative impact on the environment and the clearing of land for coffee-growing and water use. the environmental costs and wage disparity of farmers are causing the market for fair trade and organic coffee to expand.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Copra

Copra (malayalam: കൊപ്ര, koppara ?) refers to the dried coconut kernels from which coconut oil is expelled. traditionally, the coconut kernels are sun-dried, especially for export, before the oil, also known as copra oil, is pressed out. the coconut fruit, when de-husked is essentially a drupe that is obtained from a tropical feather-leaved palm tree—the coconut palm (cocos nucifera). the oil extracted from copra is rich in lauric acid, making it an important commodity in the preparation of lauryl alcohol, soaps, fatty acids, cosmetics, etc. and thus a lucrative product for many coconut-producing countries. the palatable oil cake, known as copra cake, obtained as a residue in the production of copra oil is used in animal feeds. the ground cake is known as coconut or copra meal.

Main

Corned beef and rice

Corned beef, or salt beef in some of the commonwealth of nations, is salt-cured brisket of beef. the term comes from the treatment of the meat with large-grained rock salt, also called "corns" of salt. sometimes, sugar and spices are added to corned beef recipes. corned beef is featured as an ingredient in many cuisines. most recipes include nitrates, which convert the natural myoglobin in beef to nitrosomyoglobin, giving it a pink color. nitrates and nitrites reduce the risk of dangerous botulism during curing by inhibiting the growth of clostridium botulinum bacteria spores, but have been linked to increased cancer risk in mice. beef cured without nitrates or nitrites has a gray color, and is sometimes called "new england corned beef".corned beef was a popular meal throughout numerous wars, including world war i and world war ii, during which fresh meat was rationed. it also remains popular worldwide as an ingredient in a variety of regional dishes and as a common part in modern field rations of various armed forces around the world.

Main

Crayfish

Spiny lobsters, also known as langustas, langouste, or rock lobsters, are a family (palinuridae) of about 60 species of achelate crustaceans, in the decapoda reptantia. spiny lobsters are also, especially in australia, new zealand, ireland, south africa, and the bahamas, called crayfish, sea crayfish, or crawfish ("kreef" in south africa), terms which elsewhere are reserved for freshwater crayfish.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Eggplant

Eggplant (us, canada, australia), aubergine (uk, ireland) or brinjal (indian subcontinent, singapore, malaysia, south africa) is a plant species in the nightshade family solanaceae. solanum melongena is grown worldwide for its edible fruit. most commonly purple, the spongy, absorbent fruit is used in several cuisines. typically used as a vegetable in cooking, it is a berry by botanical definition. as a member of the genus solanum, it is related to the tomato, chili pepper, and potato, although those are of the new world while the eggplant is of the old world. like the tomato, its skin and seeds can be eaten, but, like the potato, it is usually eaten cooked. eggplant is nutritionally low in macronutrient and micronutrient content, but the capability of the fruit to absorb oils and flavors into its flesh through cooking expands its use in the culinary arts. it was originally domesticated from the wild nightshade species thorn or bitter apple, s. incanum, probably with two independent domestications: one in south asia, and one in east asia. in 2018, china and india combined accounted for 87% of the world production of eggplants.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Eggs

Eggs are laid by female animals of many different species, including birds, reptiles, amphibians, a few mammals, and fish, and many of these have been eaten by humans for thousands of years. bird and reptile eggs consist of a protective eggshell, albumen (egg white), and vitellus (egg yolk), contained within various thin membranes. the most commonly consumed eggs are chicken eggs. other poultry eggs including those of duck and quail also are eaten. fish eggs are called roe and caviar. egg yolks and whole eggs store significant amounts of protein and choline, and are widely used in cookery. due to their protein content, the united states department of agriculture formerly categorized eggs as meats within the food guide pyramid (now myplate). despite the nutritional value of eggs, there are some potential health issues arising from cholesterol content, salmonella contamination, and allergy to egg proteins. chickens and other egg-laying creatures are kept widely throughout the world and mass production of chicken eggs is a global industry. in 2009, an estimated 62.1 million metric tons of eggs were produced worldwide from a total laying flock of approximately 6.4 billion hens. there are issues of regional variation in demand and expectation, as well as current debates concerning methods of mass production. in 2012, the european union banned battery husbandry of chickens.

Dessert, Sweet

Fekei

Grated pulaka (taro) or breadfruit is wrapped in pulaka leaves and steamed, then mixed with or topped with sweetened coconut cream

Main

Fish and rice

Sashimi with steamed rice, also uses cooked fish

Dessert, Sweet

Fresh fruit

In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants that is formed from the ovary after flowering. fruits are the means by which flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) disseminate their seeds. edible fruits in particular have long propagated using the movements of humans and animals in a symbiotic relationship that is the means for seed dispersal for the one group and nutrition for the other; in fact, humans and many animals have become dependent on fruits as a source of food. consequently, fruits account for a substantial fraction of the world's agricultural output, and some (such as the apple and the pomegranate) have acquired extensive cultural and symbolic meanings. in common language usage, "fruit" normally means the seed-associated fleshy structures (or produce) of plants that typically are sweet or sour and edible in the raw state, such as apples, bananas, grapes, lemons, oranges, and strawberries. in botanical usage, the term "fruit" also includes many structures that are not commonly called "fruits" in everyday language, such as nuts, bean pods, corn kernels, tomatoes, and wheat grains.

Breakfast

Fruit

In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants that is formed from the ovary after flowering. fruits are the means by which flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) disseminate their seeds. edible fruits in particular have long propagated using the movements of humans and animals in a symbiotic relationship that is the means for seed dispersal for the one group and nutrition for the other; in fact, humans and many animals have become dependent on fruits as a source of food. consequently, fruits account for a substantial fraction of the world's agricultural output, and some (such as the apple and the pomegranate) have acquired extensive cultural and symbolic meanings. in common language usage, "fruit" normally means the seed-associated fleshy structures (or produce) of plants that typically are sweet or sour and edible in the raw state, such as apples, bananas, grapes, lemons, oranges, and strawberries. in botanical usage, the term "fruit" also includes many structures that are not commonly called "fruits" in everyday language, such as nuts, bean pods, corn kernels, tomatoes, and wheat grains.

Drink

Juice

Juice is a drink made from the extraction or pressing of the natural liquid contained in fruit and vegetables. it can also refer to liquids that are flavored with concentrate or other biological food sources, such as meat or seafood, such as clam juice. juice is commonly consumed as a beverage or used as an ingredient or flavoring in foods or other beverages, as for smoothies. juice emerged as a popular beverage choice after the development of pasteurization methods enabled its preservation without using fermentation (which is used in wine production). the largest fruit juice consumers are new zealand (nearly a cup, or 8 ounces, each day) and colombia (more than three quarters of a cup each day). fruit juice consumption on average increases with country income level.

Drink

Kaleve

Sweet coconut toddy

Drink

Kao

A sour, fermented kaleve

Drink

Kava

A beverage made from the powdered roots of the kava plant, known for its sedating effects

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Lemon

The lemon (citrus limon) is a species of small evergreen trees in the flowering plant family rutaceae, native to asia, primarily northeast india (assam), northern myanmar or china.the tree's ellipsoidal yellow fruit is used for culinary and non-culinary purposes throughout the world, primarily for its juice, which has both culinary and cleaning uses. the pulp and rind are also used in cooking and baking. the juice of the lemon is about 5% to 6% citric acid, with a ph of around 2.2, giving it a sour taste. the distinctive sour taste of lemon juice makes it a key ingredient in drinks and foods such as lemonade and lemon meringue pie.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Lettuce

Lettuce (lactuca sativa) is an annual plant of the family asteraceae. it is most often grown as a leaf vegetable, but sometimes for its stem and seeds. lettuce is most often used for salads, although it is also seen in other kinds of food, such as soups, sandwiches and wraps; it can also be grilled. one variety, the celtuce (asparagus lettuce), is grown for its stems, which are eaten either raw or cooked. in addition to its main use as a leafy green, it has also gathered religious and medicinal significance over centuries of human consumption. europe and north america originally dominated the market for lettuce, but by the late 20th century the consumption of lettuce had spread throughout the world. as of 2017, world production of lettuce and chicory was 27 million tonnes, 56% of which came from china.lettuce was originally farmed by the ancient egyptians, who transformed it from a plant whose seeds were used to obtain oil into an important food crop raised for its succulent leaves and oil-rich seeds. lettuce spread to the greeks and romans; the latter gave it the name lactuca, from which the english lettuce is derived. by 50 ad, many types were described, and lettuce appeared often in medieval writings, including several herbals. the 16th through 18th centuries saw the development of many varieties in europe, and by the mid-18th century, cultivars were described that can still be found in gardens. generally grown as a hardy annual, lettuce is easily cultivated, although it requires relatively low temperatures to prevent it from flowering quickly. it can be plagued by numerous nutrient deficiencies, as well as insect and mammal pests, and fungal and bacterial diseases. l. sativa crosses easily within the species and with some other species within the genus lactuca. although this trait can be a problem to home gardeners who attempt to save seeds, biologists have used it to broaden the gene pool of cultivated lettuce varieties. lettuce is a rich source of vitamin k and vitamin a, and a moderate source of folate and iron. contaminated lettuce is often a source of bacterial, viral, and parasitic outbreaks in humans, including e. coli and salmonella.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Mango

A mango is an edible stone fruit produced by the tropical tree mangifera indica which is believed to have originated from the region between northwestern myanmar, bangladesh, and northeastern india. m. indica has been cultivated in south and southeast asia since ancient times resulting in two types of modern mango cultivars: the "indian type" and the "southeast asian type". other species in the genus mangifera also produce edible fruits that are also called "mangoes", the majority of which are found in the malesian ecoregion.worldwide, there are several hundred cultivars of mango. depending on the cultivar, mango fruit varies in size, shape, sweetness, skin color, and flesh color which may be pale yellow, gold, green, or orange. mango is the national fruit of india, pakistan and the philippines, while the mango tree is the national tree of bangladesh.

Main

Okra and lamb stew

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Onion

The onion (allium cepa l., from latin cepa meaning "onion"), also known as the bulb onion or common onion, is a vegetable that is the most widely cultivated species of the genus allium. the shallot is a botanical variety of the onion which was classified as a separate species until 2010.: 21  its close relatives include garlic, scallion, leek, and chive.this genus also contains several other species variously referred to as onions and cultivated for food, such as the japanese bunching onion (allium fistulosum), the tree onion (a. × proliferum), and the canada onion (allium canadense). the name wild onion is applied to a number of allium species, but a. cepa is exclusively known from cultivation. its ancestral wild original form is not known, although escapes from cultivation have become established in some regions. the onion is most frequently a biennial or a perennial plant, but is usually treated as an annual and harvested in its first growing season. the onion plant has a fan of hollow, bluish-green leaves and its bulb at the base of the plant begins to swell when a certain day-length is reached. the bulbs are composed of shortened, compressed, underground stems surrounded by fleshy modified scale (leaves) that envelop a central bud at the tip of the stem. in the autumn (or in spring, in the case of overwintering onions), the foliage dies down and the outer layers of the bulb become more dry and brittle. the crop is harvested and dried and the onions are ready for use or storage. the crop is prone to attack by a number of pests and diseases, particularly the onion fly, the onion eelworm, and various fungi which can cause rotting. some varieties of a. cepa, such as shallots and potato onions, produce multiple bulbs. onions are cultivated and used around the world. as a food item, they are usually served cooked, as a vegetable or part of a prepared savoury dish, but can also be eaten raw or used to make pickles or chutneys. they are pungent when chopped and contain certain chemical substances which may irritate the eyes.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Orange

An orange is a fruit of various citrus species in the family rutaceae (see list of plants known as orange); it primarily refers to citrus × sinensis, which is also called sweet orange, to distinguish it from the related citrus × aurantium, referred to as bitter orange. the sweet orange reproduces asexually (apomixis through nucellar embryony); varieties of sweet orange arise through mutations.the orange is a hybrid between pomelo (citrus maxima) and mandarin (citrus reticulata). the chloroplast genome, and therefore the maternal line, is that of pomelo. the sweet orange has had its full genome sequenced.the orange originated in a region encompassing southern china, northeast india, and myanmar, and the earliest mention of the sweet orange was in chinese literature in 314 bc. as of 1987, orange trees were found to be the most cultivated fruit tree in the world. orange trees are widely grown in tropical and subtropical climates for their sweet fruit. the fruit of the orange tree can be eaten fresh, or processed for its juice or fragrant peel. as of 2012, sweet oranges accounted for approximately 70% of citrus production.in 2019, 79 million tonnes of oranges were grown worldwide, with brazil producing 22% of the total, followed by china and india.

Main

Pala fish

Main

Palusami

Laulau, otherwise known as lū in tonga, palusami in fiji and samoa and rukau in the cook islands, is a polynesian dish consisting of cooked taro leaves containing fillings such as pork, fish or coconut cream. in old hawaiʻi, laulau was assembled by taking a few leaves and placing a few pieces of fish and pork in the center. in modern times, the dish uses taro leaves, salted butterfish, and either pork, beef, or chicken and is usually steamed on the stove. laulau is a typical plate lunch dish and is usually served with a side of rice and macaroni salad.in the classical preparation, the ends of the luau leaf are folded and wrapped again in the leaf. when ready, all the laulau is placed in an underground oven, called an imu. hot rocks are placed on the dish and covered in banana leaves and buried again. a few hours later the laulau is ready to eat.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Pandanus fruit

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Pawpaw

The papaya (, us: ) (from carib via spanish), papaw, () or pawpaw () is the plant carica papaya, one of the 22 accepted species in the genus carica of the family caricaceae. it was first domesticated in mesoamerica, within modern-day southern mexico and central america. in 2020, india produced 43% of the world supply of papayas.

Drink

Pi

Coconut water (also coconut juice) is the clear liquid inside coconuts (fruits of the coconut palm). in early development, it serves as a suspension for the endosperm of the coconut during the nuclear phase of development. as growth continues, the endosperm matures into its cellular phase and deposits into the rind of the coconut pulp. the liquid inside young coconuts is often preferred to the liquid of a ripened coconut. coconut water from young green coconuts is also known specifically as buko juice in philippine english.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Pineapple

The pineapple (ananas comosus) is a tropical plant with an edible fruit; it is the most economically significant plant in the family bromeliaceae. the pineapple is indigenous to south america, where it has been cultivated for many centuries. the introduction of the pineapple to europe in the 17th century made it a significant cultural icon of luxury. since the 1820s, pineapple has been commercially grown in greenhouses and many tropical plantations. pineapples grow as a small shrub; the individual flowers of the unpollinated plant fuse to form a multiple fruit. the plant is normally propagated from the offset produced at the top of the fruit, or from a side shoot, and typically mature within a year.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Plantain

Cooking bananas are banana cultivars in the genus musa whose fruits are generally used in cooking. they may be eaten ripe or unripe and are generally starchy. many cooking bananas are referred to as plantains (/ˈplæntɪn/, us: /plænˈteɪn/, uk: /ˈplɑːntɪn/) or green bananas. in botanical usage, the term "plantain" is used only for true plantains, while other starchy cultivars used for cooking are called "cooking bananas". true plantains are cultivars belonging to the aab group, while cooking bananas are any cultivars belonging to aab, aaa, abb, or bbb groups. the currently accepted scientific name for all such cultivars in these groups is musa × paradisiaca. fe'i bananas (musa × troglodytarum) from the pacific islands are often eaten roasted or boiled, and are thus informally referred to as "mountain plantains," but they do not belong to any of the species from which all modern banana cultivars are descended.cooking bananas are a major food staple in west and central africa, the caribbean islands, central america, and northern south america. members of the genus musa are indigenous to the tropical regions of southeast asia and oceania. bananas fruit all year round, making them a reliable all-season staple food.cooking bananas are treated as a starchy fruit with a relatively neutral flavor and soft texture when cooked. cooking bananas may be eaten raw, however they are most commonly prepared either fried, boiled, or processed into flour or dough.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Poke

Poke (hawaiian for "to slice" or "cut crosswise into pieces"; sometimes anglicised as 'poké' to aid pronunciation) is diced raw fish served either as an appetizer or a main course and is one of the main dishes of native hawaiian cuisine. traditional forms are aku (skipjack tuna) and heʻe (octopus). heʻe poke is sometimes called tako poke in places where the hawaiian language is not spoken. poke differs from other raw fish dishes in that it does not use citrus fruits as a curing agent.

Main

Pork

Many families raise their own pigs, typically eaten at celebrations

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Pulaka

Cyrtosperma merkusii or giant swamp taro, is a crop grown throughout oceania and into south and southeast asia. it is a riverine and "swamp crop" similar to taro, but "with bigger leaves and larger, coarser roots." there are no demonstrably wild populations today, but it is believed to be native to indonesia. it is known as puraka in cook islands, lak in yap (federated states of micronesia), babai in kiribati, iaraj in the marshall islands, brak in palau, babaʻ in the marianas islands, pula’a in samoa, via kana, pulaka in lau, lovo in fiji, pulaka in tokelau and tuvalu, mwahng in pohnpei, pasruk in kosrae, simiden in chuuk, swam taro in papua new guinea, navia in vanuatu and palawan in the philippines. the same species is also known by the names cyrtosperma lasioides, cyrtosperma chamissonis and cyrtosperma edule.in the harsh atoll environments of the central pacific, especially tuvalu and kiribati, swamp taro is an important source of carbohydrates in a diet dominated by fish and coconut. its cultivation is difficult and time-consuming, and the plant has deep cultural as well as practical significance. the roots need to be cooked for hours to reduce toxicity in the corms, but are rich in nutrients, especially calcium. the cultivation of pulaka in tuvalu, and babai in kiribati, is an important cultural and culinary tradition, now under threat from rising sea level and displacement from the growing use of imported food products. in nepal, giant swamp taro is called mane and grows in the tropical and sub tropical forests along stream banks. it is gathered in january–february and all plant parts (leaf, stem, rhizomes) are savored after being boiled and roasted. the stem requires prolonged boiling and the water is replaced once to remove irritating chemicals. if cooked carefully, the rhizomes taste like taro and the leaves like spinach. but without careful washing, the food causes an unpleasant tingling or scratchy sensation.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Pulaka

Cyrtosperma merkusii or giant swamp taro, is a crop grown throughout oceania and into south and southeast asia. it is a riverine and "swamp crop" similar to taro, but "with bigger leaves and larger, coarser roots." there are no demonstrably wild populations today, but it is believed to be native to indonesia. it is known as puraka in cook islands, lak in yap (federated states of micronesia), babai in kiribati, iaraj in the marshall islands, brak in palau, babaʻ in the marianas islands, pula’a in samoa, via kana, pulaka in lau, lovo in fiji, pulaka in tokelau and tuvalu, mwahng in pohnpei, pasruk in kosrae, simiden in chuuk, swam taro in papua new guinea, navia in vanuatu and palawan in the philippines. the same species is also known by the names cyrtosperma lasioides, cyrtosperma chamissonis and cyrtosperma edule.in the harsh atoll environments of the central pacific, especially tuvalu and kiribati, swamp taro is an important source of carbohydrates in a diet dominated by fish and coconut. its cultivation is difficult and time-consuming, and the plant has deep cultural as well as practical significance. the roots need to be cooked for hours to reduce toxicity in the corms, but are rich in nutrients, especially calcium. the cultivation of pulaka in tuvalu, and babai in kiribati, is an important cultural and culinary tradition, now under threat from rising sea level and displacement from the growing use of imported food products. in nepal, giant swamp taro is called mane and grows in the tropical and sub tropical forests along stream banks. it is gathered in january–february and all plant parts (leaf, stem, rhizomes) are savored after being boiled and roasted. the stem requires prolonged boiling and the water is replaced once to remove irritating chemicals. if cooked carefully, the rhizomes taste like taro and the leaves like spinach. but without careful washing, the food causes an unpleasant tingling or scratchy sensation.

Dessert, Sweet

Pulaka cake

Main

Pulaka leaf and coconut soup

Main

Pulaka leaf au gratin

Main

Quiche

Quiche ( keesh) is a french tart consisting of pastry crust filled with savoury custard and pieces of cheese, meat, seafood or vegetables. a well-known variant is quiche lorraine, which includes lardons or bacon. quiche may be served hot, warm or cold.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Rice

Rice is the seed of the grass species oryza sativa (asian rice) or less commonly oryza glaberrima (african rice). the name wild rice is usually used for species of the genera zizania and porteresia, both wild and domesticated, although the term may also be used for primitive or uncultivated varieties of oryza. as a cereal grain, domesticated rice is the most widely consumed staple food for over half of the world's human population, especially in asia and africa. it is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production, after sugarcane and maize. since sizable portions of sugarcane and maize crops are used for purposes other than human consumption, rice is the most important food crop with regard to human nutrition and caloric intake, providing more than one-fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by humans. there are many varieties of rice and culinary preferences tend to vary regionally. the traditional method for cultivating rice is flooding the fields while, or after, setting the young seedlings. this simple method requires sound irrigation planning but reduces the growth of less robust weed and pest plants that have no submerged growth state, and deters vermin. while flooding is not mandatory for the cultivation of rice, all other methods of irrigation require higher effort in weed and pest control during growth periods and a different approach for fertilizing the soil. rice, a monocot, is normally grown as an annual plant, although in tropical areas it can survive as a perennial and can produce a ratoon crop for up to 30 years. rice cultivation is well-suited to countries and regions with low labor costs and high rainfall, as it is labor-intensive to cultivate and requires ample water. however, rice can be grown practically anywhere, even on a steep hill or mountain area with the use of water-controlling terrace systems. although its parent species are native to asia and certain parts of africa, centuries of trade and exportation have made it commonplace in many cultures worldwide. production and consumption of rice is estimated to have been responsible for 4% of global greenhouse gas emissions in 2010.

Main

Rice

Rice is the seed of the grass species oryza sativa (asian rice) or less commonly oryza glaberrima (african rice). the name wild rice is usually used for species of the genera zizania and porteresia, both wild and domesticated, although the term may also be used for primitive or uncultivated varieties of oryza. as a cereal grain, domesticated rice is the most widely consumed staple food for over half of the world's human population, especially in asia and africa. it is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production, after sugarcane and maize. since sizable portions of sugarcane and maize crops are used for purposes other than human consumption, rice is the most important food crop with regard to human nutrition and caloric intake, providing more than one-fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by humans. there are many varieties of rice and culinary preferences tend to vary regionally. the traditional method for cultivating rice is flooding the fields while, or after, setting the young seedlings. this simple method requires sound irrigation planning but reduces the growth of less robust weed and pest plants that have no submerged growth state, and deters vermin. while flooding is not mandatory for the cultivation of rice, all other methods of irrigation require higher effort in weed and pest control during growth periods and a different approach for fertilizing the soil. rice, a monocot, is normally grown as an annual plant, although in tropical areas it can survive as a perennial and can produce a ratoon crop for up to 30 years. rice cultivation is well-suited to countries and regions with low labor costs and high rainfall, as it is labor-intensive to cultivate and requires ample water. however, rice can be grown practically anywhere, even on a steep hill or mountain area with the use of water-controlling terrace systems. although its parent species are native to asia and certain parts of africa, centuries of trade and exportation have made it commonplace in many cultures worldwide. production and consumption of rice is estimated to have been responsible for 4% of global greenhouse gas emissions in 2010.

Main

Roast chicken

Roast chicken is chicken prepared as food by roasting whether in a home kitchen, over a fire, or with a rotisserie (rotary spit). generally, the chicken is roasted with its own fat and juices by circulating the meat during roasting, and therefore, are usually cooked exposed to fire or heat with some type of rotary grill so that the circulation of these fats and juices is as efficient as possible. roast chicken is a dish that appears in a wide variety of cuisines worldwide.

Main

Sashimi

Sashimi (刺身, english: sə-shee-mee, japanese: [saɕimiꜜ]) is a japanese delicacy consisting of fresh raw fish or meat sliced into thin pieces and often eaten with soy sauce.

Main

Sea birds

Seabirds (also known as marine birds) are birds that are adapted to life within the marine environment. while seabirds vary greatly in lifestyle, behaviour and physiology, they often exhibit striking convergent evolution, as the same environmental problems and feeding niches have resulted in similar adaptations. the first seabirds evolved in the cretaceous period, and modern seabird families emerged in the paleogene. in general, seabirds live longer, breed later and have fewer young than other birds do, but they invest a great deal of time in their young. most species nest in colonies, which can vary in size from a few dozen birds to millions. many species are famous for undertaking long annual migrations, crossing the equator or circumnavigating the earth in some cases. they feed both at the ocean's surface and below it, and even feed on each other. seabirds can be highly pelagic, coastal, or in some cases spend a part of the year away from the sea entirely. seabirds and humans have a long history together: they have provided food to hunters, guided fishermen to fishing stocks and led sailors to land. many species are currently threatened by human activities, such as from oil spills, getting trapped in nets, and by climate change and severe weather. conservation efforts include the establishment of wildlife refugees and adjustments to fishing techniques.

Main

Seafood

Seafood is any form of sea life regarded as food by humans, prominently including fish and shellfish. shellfish include various species of molluscs (e.g. bivalve molluscs such as clams, oysters and mussels, and cephalopods such as octopus and squid), crustaceans (e.g. shrimp, crabs, and lobster), and echinoderms (e.g. sea cucumbers and sea urchins). historically, marine mammals such as cetaceans (whales and dolphins) as well as seals have been eaten as food, though that happens to a lesser extent in modern times. edible sea plants such as some seaweeds and microalgae are widely eaten as sea vegetables around the world, especially in asia. seafood is an important source of (animal) protein in many diets around the world, especially in coastal areas. semi-vegetarians who consume seafood as the only source of meat are said to adhere to pescetarianism. the harvesting of wild seafood is usually known as fishing or hunting, while the cultivation and farming of seafood is known as aquaculture and fish farming (in the case of fish). most of the seafood harvest is consumed by humans, but a significant proportion is used as fish food to farm other fish or rear farm animals. some seafoods (i.e. kelp) are used as food for other plants (a fertilizer). in these ways, seafoods are used to produce further food for human consumption. also, products such as fish oil and spirulina tablets are extracted from seafoods. some seafood is fed to aquarium fish, or used to feed domestic pets such as cats. a small proportion is used in medicine, or is used industrially for nonfood purposes (e.g. leather).

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Seaweed

Edible seaweed, or sea vegetables, are seaweeds that can be eaten and used for culinary purposes. they typically contain high amounts of fiber. they may belong to one of several groups of multicellular algae: the red algae, green algae, and brown algae.seaweeds are also harvested or cultivated for the extraction of polysaccharides such as alginate, agar and carrageenan, gelatinous substances collectively known as hydrocolloids or phycocolloids. hydrocolloids have attained commercial significance, especially in food production as food additives. the food industry exploits the gelling, water-retention, emulsifying and other physical properties of these hydrocolloids.most edible seaweeds are marine algae whereas most freshwater algae are toxic. some marine algae contain acids that irritate the digestion canal, while some others can have a laxative and electrolyte-balancing effect. most marine macroalgae are nontoxic in normal quantities, but members of the genus lyngbya are potentially lethal. typically poisoning is caused by eating fish which have fed on lyngbya or on other fish which have done so. this is called ciguatera poisoning. handling lyngbya majuscula can also cause seaweed dermatitis. some species of desmarestia are highly acidic, with vacuoles of sulfuric acid that can cause severe gastrointestinal problems.the dish often served in western chinese restaurants as 'crispy seaweed' is not seaweed but cabbage that has been dried and then fried.

Drink

Soft drinks

A soft drink (see § terminology for other names) is a drink that usually contains water (often carbonated), a sweetener, and a natural and/or artificial flavoring. the sweetener may be a sugar, high-fructose corn syrup, fruit juice, a sugar substitute (in the case of diet drinks), or some combination of these. soft drinks may also contain caffeine, colorings, preservatives, and/or other ingredients. soft drinks are called "soft" in contrast with "hard" alcoholic drinks. small amounts of alcohol may be present in a soft drink, but the alcohol content must be less than 0.5% of the total volume of the drink in many countries and localities if the drink is to be considered non-alcoholic. types of soft drinks include lemon-lime drinks, orange soda, cola, grape soda, ginger ale, and root beer. soft drinks may be served cold, over ice cubes, or at room temperature. they are available in many container formats, including cans, glass bottles, and plastic bottles. containers come in a variety of sizes, ranging from small bottles to large multi-liter containers. soft drinks are widely available at fast food restaurants, movie theaters, convenience stores, casual-dining restaurants, dedicated soda stores, vending machines, and bars from soda fountain machines. within a decade of the invention of carbonated water by joseph priestley in 1767 inventors in britain and in europe had used his concept to produce the drink in greater quantities, with one such inventor, j. j. schweppe, forming schweppes in 1783 and selling the world's first bottled soft drink. soft drink brands founded in the 19th century include r. white's lemonade in 1845, dr pepper in 1885 and coca-cola in 1886. subsequent brands include pepsi, irn-bru, sprite, fanta and 7 up.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Sugarcane

Sugarcane or sugar cane is a species of (often hybrid) tall, perennial grass (in the genus saccharum, tribe andropogoneae) that is used for sugar production. the plants are 2–6 m (6–20 ft) tall with stout, jointed, fibrous stalks that are rich in sucrose, which accumulates in the stalk internodes. sugarcanes belong to the grass family, poaceae, an economically important flowering plant family that includes maize, wheat, rice, and sorghum, and many forage crops. it is native to the warm temperate and tropical regions of india, southeast asia, and new guinea. the plant is also grown for biofuel production, especially in brazil, as the canes can be used directly to produce ethyl alcohol (ethanol). grown in tropical and subtropical regions, sugarcane is the world's largest crop by production quantity, totaling 1.9 billion tonnes in 2020, with brazil accounting for 40% of the world total. sugarcane accounts for 79% of sugar produced globally (most of the rest is made from sugar beets). about 70% of the sugar produced comes from saccharum officinarum and its hybrids. all sugarcane species can interbreed, and the major commercial cultivars are complex hybrids.sucrose (table sugar) is extracted from sugarcane in specialized mill factories. it is consumed directly in confectionery, used to sweeten beverages, as a preservative in jams and conserves, as a decorative finish for cakes and pâtisserie, as a raw material in the food industry, or fermented to produce ethanol. products derived from fermentation of sugar include falernum, rum, and cachaça. in some regions, people use sugarcane reeds to make pens, mats, screens, and thatch. the young, unexpanded flower head of saccharum edule (duruka) is eaten raw, steamed, or toasted, and prepared in various ways in southeast asia, such as certain island communities of indonesia as well as in oceanic countries like fiji. sugarcane was an ancient crop of the austronesian and papuan people. it was introduced to polynesia, island melanesia, and madagascar in prehistoric times via austronesian sailors. it was also introduced to southern china and india by austronesian traders around 1200 to 1000 bc. the persians and greeks encountered the famous "reeds that produce honey without bees" in india between the sixth and fourth centuries bc. they adopted and then spread sugarcane agriculture. merchants began to trade in sugar, which was considered a luxurious and expensive spice, from india. in the 18th century, sugarcane plantations began in the caribbean, south american, indian ocean, and pacific island nations. the need for sugar crop laborers became a major driver of large migrations, some people voluntarily accepting indentured servitude and others forcibly imported as slaves.

Main

Sweet potato

The sweet potato or sweetpotato (ipomoea batatas) is a dicotyledonous plant that belongs to the bindweed or morning glory family, convolvulaceae. its large, starchy, sweet-tasting tuberous roots are used as a root vegetable. the young shoots and leaves are sometimes eaten as greens. cultivars of the sweet potato have been bred to bear tubers with flesh and skin of various colors. sweet potato is only distantly related to the common potato (solanum tuberosum), both being in the order solanales. although darker sweet potatoes are often referred to as "yams" in parts of north america, the species is not a true yam, which are monocots in the order dioscoreales.sweet potato is native to the tropical regions of the americas. of the approximately 50 genera and more than 1,000 species of convolvulaceae, i. batatas is the only crop plant of major importance—some others are used locally (e.g., i. aquatica "kangkong"), but many are poisonous. the genus ipomoea that contains the sweet potato also includes several garden flowers called morning glories, though that term is not usually extended to i. batatas. some cultivars of i. batatas are grown as ornamental plants under the name tuberous morning glory, and used in a horticultural context.

Breakfast

Tea

Tea is an aromatic beverage prepared by pouring hot or boiling water over cured or fresh leaves of camellia sinensis, an evergreen shrub native to china, india and other east asian countries. tea is also rarely made from the leaves of camellia taliensis. after water, it is the most widely consumed drink in the world. there are many different types of tea; some have a cooling, slightly bitter, and astringent flavour, while others have vastly different profiles that include sweet, nutty, floral, or grassy notes. tea has a stimulating effect in humans primarily due to its caffeine content.tea plants are native to east asia and probably originated in the borderlands of southwestern china and northern burma. an early credible record of tea drinking dates to the third century ad, in a medical text written by hua tuo. it was popularised as a recreational drink during the chinese tang dynasty, and tea drinking subsequently spread to other east asian countries. portuguese priests and merchants introduced it to europe during the 16th century. during the 17th century, drinking tea became fashionable among the english, who started to plant tea on a large scale in india. the term herbal tea refers to drinks not made from camellia sinensis. they are the infusions of fruit, leaves, or other plant parts, such as steeps of rosehip, chamomile, or rooibos. these may be called tisanes or herbal infusions to prevent confusion with tea made from the tea plant.

Drink

Tea

Tea is an aromatic beverage prepared by pouring hot or boiling water over cured or fresh leaves of camellia sinensis, an evergreen shrub native to china, india and other east asian countries. tea is also rarely made from the leaves of camellia taliensis. after water, it is the most widely consumed drink in the world. there are many different types of tea; some have a cooling, slightly bitter, and astringent flavour, while others have vastly different profiles that include sweet, nutty, floral, or grassy notes. tea has a stimulating effect in humans primarily due to its caffeine content.tea plants are native to east asia and probably originated in the borderlands of southwestern china and northern burma. an early credible record of tea drinking dates to the third century ad, in a medical text written by hua tuo. it was popularised as a recreational drink during the chinese tang dynasty, and tea drinking subsequently spread to other east asian countries. portuguese priests and merchants introduced it to europe during the 16th century. during the 17th century, drinking tea became fashionable among the english, who started to plant tea on a large scale in india. the term herbal tea refers to drinks not made from camellia sinensis. they are the infusions of fruit, leaves, or other plant parts, such as steeps of rosehip, chamomile, or rooibos. these may be called tisanes or herbal infusions to prevent confusion with tea made from the tea plant.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Tulolo

Coconut cream poured over pulaka pulp or halved pulaka corms, when beaten corms are used the dish is called fakapapa

Main

Tuna

A tuna is a saltwater fish that belongs to the tribe thunnini, a subgrouping of the scombridae (mackerel) family. the thunnini comprise 15 species across five genera, the sizes of which vary greatly, ranging from the bullet tuna (max length: 50 cm or 1.6 ft, weight: 1.8 kg or 4 lb) up to the atlantic bluefin tuna (max length: 4.6 m or 15 ft, weight: 684 kg or 1,508 lb), which averages 2 m (6.6 ft) and is believed to live up to 50 years. tuna, opah and mackerel sharks are the only species of fish that can maintain a body temperature higher than that of the surrounding water. an active and agile predator, the tuna has a sleek, streamlined body, and is among the fastest-swimming pelagic fish – the yellowfin tuna, for example, is capable of speeds of up to 75 km/h (47 mph). greatly inflated speeds can be found in early scientific reports and are still widely reported in the popular literature.found in warm seas, the tuna is commercially fished extensively as a food fish, and is popular as a bluewater game fish. as a result of overfishing, some tuna species, such as the southern bluefin tuna, are threatened with extinction.

Main

Tuna and taro patties

Main

Tuna coconut curry

Tuna in curried coconut cream

Main

Turtle

Turtles are an order of reptiles known as testudines, characterized by a shell developed mainly from their ribs. modern turtles are divided into two major groups, the side-necked turtles and hidden neck turtles, which differ in the way the head retracts. there are 360 living and recently extinct species of turtles, including land-dwelling tortoises and freshwater terrapins. they are found on most continents, some islands and, in the case of sea turtles, much of the ocean. like other reptiles, birds, and mammals, they breathe air and do not lay eggs underwater, although many species live in or around water. genetic evidence typically places them in close relation to crocodilians and birds. turtle shells are made mostly of bone; the upper part is the domed carapace, while the underside is the flatter plastron or belly-plate. its outer surface is covered in scales made of keratin, the material of hair, horns, and claws. the carapace bones develop from ribs that grow sideways and develop into broad flat plates that join up to cover the body. turtles are ectotherms or "cold-blooded", meaning that their internal temperature varies with their direct environment. they are generally opportunistic omnivores and mainly feed on plants and animals with limited movements. many turtles migrate short distances seasonally. sea turtles are the only reptiles that migrate long distances to lay their eggs on a favored beach. turtles have appeared in myths and folktales around the world. some terrestrial and freshwater species are widely kept as pets. turtles have been hunted for their meat, for use in traditional medicine, and for their shells. sea turtles are often killed accidentally as bycatch in fishing nets. turtle habitats around the world are being destroyed. as a result of these pressures, many species are threatened with extinction.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Ulu chips

Fried breadfruit chips

Main

Umu

An earth oven, ground oven or cooking pit is one of the simplest and most ancient cooking structures. at its most basic, an earth oven is a pit in the ground used to trap heat and bake, smoke, or steam food. earth ovens have been used in many places and cultures in the past, and the presence of such cooking pits is a key sign of human settlement often sought by archaeologists. earth ovens remain a common tool for cooking large quantities of food where no equipment is available. they have been used in various civilizations around the world and are still commonly found in the pacific region to date. to bake food, the fire is built, then allowed to burn down to a smoulder. the food is then placed in the oven and covered. this covered area can be used to bake bread or other various items. steaming food in an earth oven covers a similar process. fire-heated rocks are put into a pit and are covered with green vegetation to add moisture and large quantities of food. more green vegetation and sometimes water are then added, if more moisture is needed. finally, a covering of earth is added over everything. the food in the pit can take up to several hours to a full day to cook, regardless of the dry or wet method used. today, many communities still use cooking pits for ceremonial or celebratory occasions, including the indigenous fijian lovo, the hawaiian imu, the māori hāngi, the mexican barbacoa, and the new england clam bake. the central asian tandoor use the method primarily for uncovered, live-fire baking, which is a transitional design between the earth oven and the horizontal-plan masonry oven. this method is essentially a permanent earth oven made out of clay or firebrick with a constantly burning, very hot fire in the bottom.

Dessert, Sweet

Utanu tao

Baked germinating coconut

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Watermelon

Watermelon (citrullus lanatus) is a flowering plant species of the cucurbitaceae family and the name of its edible fruit. a scrambling and trailing vine-like plant, it is a highly cultivated fruit worldwide, with more than 1,000 varieties. watermelon is grown in favorable climates from tropical to temperate regions worldwide for its large edible fruit, which is a berry with a hard rind and no internal divisions, and is botanically called a pepo. the sweet, juicy flesh is usually deep red to pink, with many black seeds, although seedless varieties exist. the fruit can be eaten raw or pickled, and the rind is edible after cooking. it may also be consumed as a juice or as an ingredient in mixed beverages. kordofan melons from sudan are the closest relatives and may be progenitors of modern, cultivated watermelons. wild watermelon seeds were found in uan muhuggiag, a prehistoric site in libya that dates to approximately 3500 bc. watermelons were domesticated in egypt by 2000 bc, although they were not the sweet modern variety. sweet dessert watermelons spread across the mediterranean world during roman times.considerable breeding effort has developed disease-resistant varieties. many cultivars are available that produce mature fruit within 100 days of planting. in 2017, china produced about two-thirds of the world total of watermelons.