Side, Snack, Appetizer

Aibika greens

Green that are cooked until soft, may also be cooked with chicken stock, spices, garlic, chilies, ginger

Main

Aigir

A method of cooking meat, vegetables and greens using hot stones in a pot full of water

Main

Arfak Mountain tree frog

The arfak mountain tree frog (litoria chloronota) is a species of frog in the family pelodryadidae. it is endemic to west papua, indonesia. its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, rivers, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forest. the threats are not known and is thought to be locally protected and occurs in arfak mountains national park.

Breakfast

Banana

A banana is an elongated, edible fruit – botanically a berry – produced by several kinds of large herbaceous flowering plants in the genus musa. in some countries, bananas used for cooking may be called "plantains", distinguishing them from dessert bananas. the fruit is variable in size, color, and firmness, but is usually elongated and curved, with soft flesh rich in starch covered with a rind, which may be green, yellow, red, purple, or brown when ripe. the fruits grow upward in clusters near the top of the plant. almost all modern edible seedless (parthenocarp) bananas come from two wild species – musa acuminata and musa balbisiana. the scientific names of most cultivated bananas are musa acuminata, musa balbisiana, and musa × paradisiaca for the hybrid musa acuminata × m. balbisiana, depending on their genomic constitution. the old scientific name for this hybrid, musa sapientum, is no longer used. musa species are native to tropical indomalaya and australia, and are likely to have been first domesticated in papua new guinea. they are grown in 135 countries, primarily for their fruit, and to a lesser extent to make fiber, banana wine, and banana beer and as ornamental plants. the world's largest producers of bananas in 2017 were india and china, which together accounted for approximately 38% of total production.worldwide, there is no sharp distinction between "bananas" and "plantains". especially in the americas and europe, "banana" usually refers to soft, sweet, dessert bananas, particularly those of the cavendish group, which are the main exports from banana-growing countries. by contrast, musa cultivars with firmer, starchier fruit are called "plantains". in other regions, such as southeast asia, many more kinds of banana are grown and eaten, so the binary distinction is not as useful and is not made in local languages. the term "banana" is also used as the common name for the plants that produce the fruit. this can extend to other members of the genus musa, such as the scarlet banana (musa coccinea), the pink banana (musa velutina), and the fe'i bananas. it can also refer to members of the genus ensete, such as the snow banana (ensete glaucum) and the economically important false banana (ensete ventricosum). both genera are in the banana family, musaceae.

Main

Beef

Beef is the culinary name for meat from cattle (bos taurus). in prehistoric times, humans hunted aurochs and later domesticated them. since that time, numerous breeds of cattle have been bred specifically for the quality or quantity of their meat. today, beef is the third most widely consumed meat in the world, after pork and poultry. as of 2018, the united states, brazil, and china were the largest producers of beef. beef can be prepared in various ways; cuts are often used for steak, which can be cooked to varying degrees of doneness, while trimmings are often ground or minced, as found in most hamburgers. beef contains protein, iron, and vitamin b12. along with other kinds of red meat, high consumption is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer and coronary heart disease, especially when processed. beef has a high environmental impact, being a primary driver of deforestation with the highest greenhouse gas emissions of any agricultural product.

Drink

Beer

Beer is one of the oldest and most widely consumed alcoholic drinks in the world, and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea. it is produced by the brewing and fermentation of starches, mainly derived from cereal grains—most commonly from malted barley, though wheat, maize (corn), rice, and oats are also used. during the brewing process, fermentation of the starch sugars in the wort produces ethanol and carbonation in the resulting beer. most modern beer is brewed with hops, which add bitterness and other flavours and act as a natural preservative and stabilizing agent. other flavouring agents such as gruit, herbs, or fruits may be included or used instead of hops. in commercial brewing, the natural carbonation effect is often removed during processing and replaced with forced carbonation.some of humanity's earliest known writings refer to the production and distribution of beer: the code of hammurabi included laws regulating beer and beer parlours, and "the hymn to ninkasi", a prayer to the mesopotamian goddess of beer, served as both a prayer and as a method of remembering the recipe for beer in a culture with few literate people.beer is distributed in bottles and cans and is also commonly available on draught, particularly in pubs and bars. the brewing industry is a global business, consisting of several dominant multinational companies and many thousands of smaller producers ranging from brewpubs to regional breweries. the strength of modern beer is usually around 4% to 6% alcohol by volume (abv), although it may vary between 0.5% and 20%, with some breweries creating examples of 40% abv and above.beer forms part of the culture of many nations and is associated with social traditions such as beer festivals, as well as a rich pub culture involving activities like pub crawling, pub quizzes and pub games. when beer is distilled, the resulting liquor is a form of whisky.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Berries

A berry is a small, pulpy, and often edible fruit. typically, berries are juicy, rounded, brightly colored, sweet, sour or tart, and do not have a stone or pit, although many pips or seeds may be present. common examples are strawberries, raspberries, blueberries, blackberries, red currants, white currants and blackcurrants. in britain, soft fruit is a horticultural term for such fruits.in common usage, the term "berry" differs from the scientific or botanical definition of a fruit produced from the ovary of a single flower in which the outer layer of the ovary wall develops into an edible fleshy portion (pericarp). the botanical definition includes many fruits that are not commonly known or referred to as berries, such as grapes, tomatoes, cucumbers, eggplants, bananas, and chili peppers. fruits commonly considered berries but excluded by the botanical definition include strawberries, raspberries, and blackberries, which are aggregate fruits and mulberries, which are multiple fruits. watermelons and pumpkins are giant berries that fall into the category "pepos". a plant bearing berries is said to be bacciferous or baccate. berries are eaten worldwide and often used in jams, preserves, cakes, or pies. some berries are commercially important. the berry industry varies from country to country as do types of berries cultivated or growing in the wild. some berries such as raspberries and strawberries have been bred for hundreds of years and are distinct from their wild counterparts, while other berries, such as lingonberries and cloudberries, grow almost exclusively in the wild. while many berries are edible, some are poisonous to humans, such as deadly nightshade and pokeweed. others, such as the white mulberry, red mulberry, and elderberry, are poisonous when unripe, but are edible when ripe.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Betel nut

The areca nut ( or ) is the seed of the areca palm (areca catechu), which grows in much of the tropical pacific (melanesia and micronesia), southeast and south asia, and parts of east africa. it is commonly referred to as betel nut, not to be confused with betel (piper betle) leaves that are often used to wrap it (a preparation known as paan). consumption has many harmful effects on health and is carcinogenic to humans. various compounds present in the nut, including arecoline (the primary psychoactive ingredient which is similar to nicotine), contribute to histologic changes in the oral mucosa. it is known to be a major risk factor for cancers (squamous cell carcinoma) of the mouth and esophagus. as with chewing tobacco, its use is discouraged by preventive efforts. consumption by hundreds of millions of people worldwide – mainly with southern and eastern asian origins – has been described as a "neglected global public health emergency".

Main

Boiled green vegetables

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Breadfruit

Breadfruit (artocarpus altilis) is a species of flowering tree in the mulberry and jackfruit family (moraceae) believed to be a domesticated descendant of artocarpus camansi originating in new guinea, the maluku islands, and the philippines. it was initially spread to oceania via the austronesian expansion. it was further spread to other tropical regions of the world during the colonial era. british and french navigators introduced a few polynesian seedless varieties to caribbean islands during the late 18th century. today it is grown in some 90 countries throughout south and southeast asia, the pacific ocean, the caribbean, central america and africa. its name is derived from the texture of the moderately ripe fruit when cooked, similar to freshly baked bread and having a potato-like flavor.the trees have been widely planted in tropical regions, including lowland central america, northern south america, and the caribbean. in addition to the fruit serving as a staple food in many cultures, the light, sturdy timber of breadfruit has been used for outriggers, ships, and houses in the tropics. breadfruit is closely related to artocarpus camansi (breadnut or seeded breadfruit) of new guinea, the maluku islands, and the philippines, artocarpus blancoi (tipolo or antipolo) of the philippines, and artocarpus mariannensis (dugdug) of micronesia, all of which are sometimes also referred to as "breadfruit". it is also closely related to the jackfruit.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Cabbage

Cabbage, comprising several cultivars of brassica oleracea, is a leafy green, red (purple), or white (pale green) biennial plant grown as an annual vegetable crop for its dense-leaved heads. it is descended from the wild cabbage (b. oleracea var. oleracea), and belongs to the "cole crops" or brassicas, meaning it is closely related to broccoli and cauliflower (var. botrytis); brussels sprouts (var. gemmifera); and savoy cabbage (var. sabauda). a cabbage generally weighs between 500 to 1,000 grams (1 to 2 lb). smooth-leafed, firm-headed green cabbages are the most common, with smooth-leafed purple cabbages and crinkle-leafed savoy cabbages of both colours being rarer. under conditions of long sunny days, such as those found at high northern latitudes in summer, cabbages can grow quite large. as of 2012, the heaviest cabbage was 62.71 kilograms (138 lb 4 oz). cabbage heads are generally picked during the first year of the plant's life cycle, but plants intended for seed are allowed to grow a second year and must be kept separate from other cole crops to prevent cross-pollination. cabbage is prone to several nutrient deficiencies, as well as to multiple pests, and bacterial and fungal diseases. cabbage was most likely domesticated somewhere in europe before 1000 bc, although savoys were not developed until the 16th century ad. by the middle ages, cabbage had become a prominent part of european cuisine. they can be prepared many different ways for eating; they can be pickled, fermented (for dishes such as sauerkraut), steamed, stewed, roasted, sautéed, braised, or eaten raw. raw cabbage is a rich source of vitamin k, vitamin c, and dietary fiber. world production of cabbage and other brassicas in 2020 was 71 million tonnes, led by china with 48% of the total.

Main

Canned beef

Main

Canned chicken

Main

Canned fish

Canned or tinned fish are food fish which have been processed, sealed in an airtight container such as a sealed tin can, and subjected to heat. canning is a method of preserving food, and provides a typical shelf life ranging from one to five years. fish have low acidity levels at which microbes can flourish. from a public safety point of view, foods with low acidity (ph greater than 4.6) need sterilization at high temperatures (116–130°c). achieving temperatures above the boiling point requires pressurized cooking. after sterilization, the containing can prevents microorganisms from entering and proliferating inside. other than sterilization, no other method is dependable as a preservative. for example, the microorganism clostridium botulinum (which causes botulism) can only be eliminated at temperatures above the boiling point. preservation techniques are needed to prevent fish spoilage and lengthen shelf life. they are designed to inhibit the activity of spoilage bacteria and the metabolic changes leading to a loss of fish quality. spoilage bacteria are the specific bacteria that produce the unpleasant odours and flavours associated with spoiled fish.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Cassava

Manihot esculenta, commonly called cassava (), manioc, or yuca (among numerous regional names) is a woody shrub of the spurge family, euphorbiaceae, native to south america. although a perennial plant, cassava is extensively cultivated as an annual crop in tropical and subtropical regions for its edible starchy tuberous root, a major source of carbohydrates. though it is often called yuca in parts of spanish america and in the united states, it is not related to yucca, a shrub in the family asparagaceae. cassava is predominantly consumed in boiled form, but substantial quantities are used to extract cassava starch, called tapioca, which is used for food, animal feed, and industrial purposes. the brazilian farinha, and the related garri of west africa, is an edible coarse flour obtained by grating cassava roots, pressing moisture off the obtained grated pulp, and finally drying it (and roasting both in the case of farinha and garri). cassava is the third-largest source of food carbohydrates in the tropics, after rice and maize. cassava is a major staple food in the developing world, providing a basic diet for over half a billion people. it is one of the most drought-tolerant crops, capable of growing on marginal soils. nigeria is the world's largest producer of cassava, while thailand is the largest exporter of cassava starch. cassava is classified as either sweet or bitter. like other roots and tubers, both bitter and sweet varieties of cassava contain antinutritional factors and toxins, with the bitter varieties containing much larger amounts. it must be properly prepared before consumption, as improper preparation of cassava can leave enough residual cyanide to cause acute cyanide intoxication, goiters, and even ataxia, partial paralysis, or death. the more toxic varieties of cassava are a fall-back resource (a "food security crop") in times of famine or food insecurity in some places. farmers often prefer the bitter varieties because they deter pests, animals, and thieves.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Cassava leaves

Boiled, cooked in a mumu (earth oven)

Main

Cassowary

Casuarius is a genus of birds in the order casuariiformes, whose members are the cassowaries (tok pisin: muruk, indonesian: kasuari). it is classified as a ratite (flightless bird without a keel on its sternum bone) and is native to the tropical forests of new guinea (papua new guinea and indonesia), aru islands (indonesia), and northeastern australia.three species are extant: the most common, the southern cassowary, is the third-tallest and second-heaviest living bird, smaller only than the ostrich and emu. the other two species are represented by the northern cassowary and the dwarf cassowary. a fourth but extinct species is represented by the pygmy cassowary. cassowaries feed mainly on fruit, although all species are truly omnivorous and take a range of other plant foods, including shoots and grass seeds, in addition to fungi, invertebrates, and small vertebrates. cassowaries are very wary of humans, but if provoked, they are capable of inflicting serious, even fatal, injuries to both dogs and people. the cassowary has often been labeled "the world's most dangerous bird".

Main

Ceviche

Ceviche, also cebiche, seviche, or sebiche (spanish pronunciation: [seˈβitʃe]) is a south american seafood dish originally from what is the modern day country of peru, typically made from fresh raw fish cured in fresh citrus juices, most commonly lemon or lime. it is also spiced with ají, chili peppers or other seasonings and julienned red onions, salt, and coriander are also added. the name originates from the quechuan word siwichi, which means fresh or tender fish.because the dish is eaten raw, and not cooked with heat, it must be prepared fresh and consumed immediately to minimize the risk of food poisoning. ceviche is often eaten as an appetizer; if eaten as a main dish, it is usually accompanied by side dishes that complement its flavors, such as sweet potato, lettuce, maize, avocado, or cooking banana.the dish is popular in the pacific coastal regions of western south america. the origin of ceviche is ancient incan which today corresponds to the modern day country of peru. the technique of macerating raw fish and meat in vinegar, citrus, and spices (escabeche) was brought to the americas from spain and is linked to the muslim heritage in spanish cuisine. however, archeological records suggest that something resembling ceviche may have been in the western south america as early as two thousand years ago. the dominant position lima held through four centuries as the capital of the viceroyalty of peru allowed for popular dishes such as ceviche to be brought to other spanish administrative provinces in the region, and in time they became a part of local cuisine by incorporating regional flavors and styles.

Main

Chicken

The chicken (gallus domesticus) is a domesticated junglefowl species, with attributes of wild species such as the grey and the ceylon junglefowl that are originally from southeastern asia. rooster or cock is a term for an adult male bird, and a younger male may be called a cockerel. a male that has been castrated is a capon. an adult female bird is called a hen and a sexually immature female is called a pullet. originally raised for cockfighting or for special ceremonies, chickens were not kept for food until the hellenistic period (4th–2nd centuries bc). humans now keep chickens primarily as a source of food (consuming both their meat and eggs) and as pets. chickens are one of the most common and widespread domestic animals, with a total population of 23.7 billion as of 2018, up from more than 19 billion in 2011. there are more chickens in the world than any other bird. there are numerous cultural references to chickens – in myth, folklore and religion, and in language and literature. genetic studies have pointed to multiple maternal origins in south asia, southeast asia, and east asia, but the clade found in the americas, europe, the middle east and africa originated from the indian subcontinent. from ancient india, the chicken spread to lydia in western asia minor, and to greece by the 5th century bc. fowl have been known in egypt since the mid-15th century bc, with the "bird that gives birth every day" having come from the land between syria and shinar, babylonia, according to the annals of thutmose iii.

Main

Chicken, vegetables, greens, ginger and coconut milk

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Choko shoots or leaves

Boiled, cooked in a mumu (earth oven)

Main

Coconut kau kau

Baked sweet potato with coconut cream

Drink

Coconut water

Coconut water (also coconut juice) is the clear liquid inside coconuts (fruits of the coconut palm). in early development, it serves as a suspension for the endosperm of the coconut during the nuclear phase of development. as growth continues, the endosperm matures into its cellular phase and deposits into the rind of the coconut pulp. the liquid inside young coconuts is often preferred to the liquid of a ripened coconut. coconut water from young green coconuts is also known specifically as buko juice in philippine english.

Drink

Coffee

Coffee is a brewed drink prepared from roasted coffee beans, the seeds of berries from certain flowering plants in the coffea genus. from the coffee fruit, the seeds are separated to produce a stable, raw product: unroasted green coffee. the seeds are then roasted, a process which transforms them into a consumable product: roasted coffee, which is ground into fine particles that are typically steeped in hot water before being filtered out, producing a cup of coffee. coffee is darkly colored, bitter, slightly acidic and has a stimulating effect in humans, primarily due to its caffeine content. it is one of the most popular drinks in the world and can be prepared and presented in a variety of ways (e.g., espresso, french press, caffè latte, or already-brewed canned coffee). it is usually served hot, although chilled or iced coffee is common. sugar, sugar substitutes, milk or cream are often used to lessen the bitter taste or enhance the flavor. it may be served with coffee cake or another sweet dessert, like doughnuts. a commercial establishment that sells prepared coffee beverages is known as a coffeehouse or coffee shop (not to be confused with dutch coffeeshops selling cannabis). clinical research indicates that moderate coffee consumption is benign or mildly beneficial as a stimulant in healthy adults, with continuing research on whether long-term consumption has positive or negative effects.though coffee is now a global commodity, it has a long history tied closely to food traditions around the red sea. the earliest credible evidence of the drinking of coffee in the form of the modern beverage appears in modern-day yemen from the mid-15th century in sufi shrines, where coffee seeds were first roasted and brewed in a manner similar to current methods. the yemenis procured the coffee beans from the ethiopian highlands via coastal somali intermediaries and began cultivation. by the 16th century, the drink had reached the rest of the middle east and north africa, later spreading to europe. in the 20th century, coffee became a much more global commodity, creating different coffee cultures around the world. the two most commonly grown coffee bean types are c. arabica and c. robusta. coffee plants are cultivated in over 70 countries, primarily in the equatorial regions of the americas, southeast asia, the indian subcontinent, and africa. as of 2018, brazil was the leading grower of coffee beans, producing 35% of the world total. coffee is a major export commodity as the leading legal agricultural export for numerous countries. it is one of the most valuable commodities exported by developing countries. green, unroasted coffee is the most traded agricultural commodity and one of the most traded commodities overall, second only to petroleum. despite the sales of coffee reaching billions of dollars, those actually producing the beans are disproportionately living in poverty. critics also point to the coffee industry's negative impact on the environment and the clearing of land for coffee-growing and water use. the environmental costs and wage disparity of farmers are causing the market for fair trade and organic coffee to expand.

Breakfast

Coffee

Coffee is a brewed drink prepared from roasted coffee beans, the seeds of berries from certain flowering plants in the coffea genus. from the coffee fruit, the seeds are separated to produce a stable, raw product: unroasted green coffee. the seeds are then roasted, a process which transforms them into a consumable product: roasted coffee, which is ground into fine particles that are typically steeped in hot water before being filtered out, producing a cup of coffee. coffee is darkly colored, bitter, slightly acidic and has a stimulating effect in humans, primarily due to its caffeine content. it is one of the most popular drinks in the world and can be prepared and presented in a variety of ways (e.g., espresso, french press, caffè latte, or already-brewed canned coffee). it is usually served hot, although chilled or iced coffee is common. sugar, sugar substitutes, milk or cream are often used to lessen the bitter taste or enhance the flavor. it may be served with coffee cake or another sweet dessert, like doughnuts. a commercial establishment that sells prepared coffee beverages is known as a coffeehouse or coffee shop (not to be confused with dutch coffeeshops selling cannabis). clinical research indicates that moderate coffee consumption is benign or mildly beneficial as a stimulant in healthy adults, with continuing research on whether long-term consumption has positive or negative effects.though coffee is now a global commodity, it has a long history tied closely to food traditions around the red sea. the earliest credible evidence of the drinking of coffee in the form of the modern beverage appears in modern-day yemen from the mid-15th century in sufi shrines, where coffee seeds were first roasted and brewed in a manner similar to current methods. the yemenis procured the coffee beans from the ethiopian highlands via coastal somali intermediaries and began cultivation. by the 16th century, the drink had reached the rest of the middle east and north africa, later spreading to europe. in the 20th century, coffee became a much more global commodity, creating different coffee cultures around the world. the two most commonly grown coffee bean types are c. arabica and c. robusta. coffee plants are cultivated in over 70 countries, primarily in the equatorial regions of the americas, southeast asia, the indian subcontinent, and africa. as of 2018, brazil was the leading grower of coffee beans, producing 35% of the world total. coffee is a major export commodity as the leading legal agricultural export for numerous countries. it is one of the most valuable commodities exported by developing countries. green, unroasted coffee is the most traded agricultural commodity and one of the most traded commodities overall, second only to petroleum. despite the sales of coffee reaching billions of dollars, those actually producing the beans are disproportionately living in poverty. critics also point to the coffee industry's negative impact on the environment and the clearing of land for coffee-growing and water use. the environmental costs and wage disparity of farmers are causing the market for fair trade and organic coffee to expand.

Drink

Cordials

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Corn

Maize ( mayz; zea mays subsp. mays, from spanish: maíz after taino: mahiz), also known as corn (north american and australian english), is a cereal grain first domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern mexico about 10,000 years ago. the leafy stalk of the plant produces pollen inflorescences (or "tassels") and separate ovuliferous inflorescences called ears that when fertilized yield kernels or seeds, which are fruits.maize has become a staple food in many parts of the world, with the total production of maize surpassing that of wheat or rice. in addition to being consumed directly by humans (often in the form of masa), maize is also used for corn ethanol, animal feed and other maize products, such as corn starch and corn syrup. the six major types of maize are dent corn, flint corn, pod corn, popcorn, flour corn, and sweet corn. sugar-rich varieties called sweet corn are usually grown for human consumption as kernels, while field corn varieties are used for animal feed, various corn-based human food uses (including grinding into cornmeal or masa, pressing into corn oil, fermentation and distillation into alcoholic beverages like bourbon whiskey), and as feedstocks for the chemical industry. maize is also used in making ethanol and other biofuels. maize is widely cultivated throughout the world, and a greater weight of maize is produced each year than any other grain. in 2014, total world production was 1.04 billion tonnes. maize is the most widely grown grain crop throughout the americas, with 361 million metric tons grown in the united states alone in 2014. genetically modified maize made up 85% of the maize planted in the united states in 2009. subsidies in the united states help to account for its high level of cultivation of maize and its position as the largest producer in the world.

Breakfast

Corn

Maize ( mayz; zea mays subsp. mays, from spanish: maíz after taino: mahiz), also known as corn (north american and australian english), is a cereal grain first domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern mexico about 10,000 years ago. the leafy stalk of the plant produces pollen inflorescences (or "tassels") and separate ovuliferous inflorescences called ears that when fertilized yield kernels or seeds, which are fruits.maize has become a staple food in many parts of the world, with the total production of maize surpassing that of wheat or rice. in addition to being consumed directly by humans (often in the form of masa), maize is also used for corn ethanol, animal feed and other maize products, such as corn starch and corn syrup. the six major types of maize are dent corn, flint corn, pod corn, popcorn, flour corn, and sweet corn. sugar-rich varieties called sweet corn are usually grown for human consumption as kernels, while field corn varieties are used for animal feed, various corn-based human food uses (including grinding into cornmeal or masa, pressing into corn oil, fermentation and distillation into alcoholic beverages like bourbon whiskey), and as feedstocks for the chemical industry. maize is also used in making ethanol and other biofuels. maize is widely cultivated throughout the world, and a greater weight of maize is produced each year than any other grain. in 2014, total world production was 1.04 billion tonnes. maize is the most widely grown grain crop throughout the americas, with 361 million metric tons grown in the united states alone in 2014. genetically modified maize made up 85% of the maize planted in the united states in 2009. subsidies in the united states help to account for its high level of cultivation of maize and its position as the largest producer in the world.

Main

Crab

Crabs are decapod crustaceans of the infraorder brachyura, which typically have a very short projecting "tail" (abdomen) (greek: βραχύς, romanized: brachys = short, οὐρά / οura = tail), usually hidden entirely under the thorax. they live in all the world's oceans, in fresh water, and on land, are generally covered with a thick exoskeleton, and have a single pair of pincers. they first appeared during the jurassic period.

Main

Deer

Deer or true deer are hoofed ruminant mammals forming the family cervidae. the two main groups of deer are the cervinae, including the muntjac, the elk (wapiti), the red deer, and the fallow deer; and the capreolinae, including the reindeer (caribou), white-tailed deer, the roe deer, and the moose. male deer of all species (except the water deer) as well as female reindeer, grow and shed new antlers each year. in this they differ from permanently horned antelope, which are part of a different family (bovidae) within the same order of even-toed ungulates (artiodactyla). the musk deer (moschidae) of asia and chevrotains (tragulidae) of tropical african and asian forests are separate families that are also in the ruminant clade ruminantia; they are not especially closely related to cervidae. deer appear in art from paleolithic cave paintings onwards, and they have played a role in mythology, religion, and literature throughout history, as well as in heraldry, such as red deer that appear in the coat of arms of åland. their economic importance includes the use of their meat as venison, their skins as soft, strong buckskin, and their antlers as handles for knives. deer hunting has been a popular activity since the middle ages and remains a resource for many families today.

Main

Eggs

Eggs are laid by female animals of many different species, including birds, reptiles, amphibians, a few mammals, and fish, and many of these have been eaten by humans for thousands of years. bird and reptile eggs consist of a protective eggshell, albumen (egg white), and vitellus (egg yolk), contained within various thin membranes. the most commonly consumed eggs are chicken eggs. other poultry eggs including those of duck and quail also are eaten. fish eggs are called roe and caviar. egg yolks and whole eggs store significant amounts of protein and choline, and are widely used in cookery. due to their protein content, the united states department of agriculture formerly categorized eggs as meats within the food guide pyramid (now myplate). despite the nutritional value of eggs, there are some potential health issues arising from cholesterol content, salmonella contamination, and allergy to egg proteins. chickens and other egg-laying creatures are kept widely throughout the world and mass production of chicken eggs is a global industry. in 2009, an estimated 62.1 million metric tons of eggs were produced worldwide from a total laying flock of approximately 6.4 billion hens. there are issues of regional variation in demand and expectation, as well as current debates concerning methods of mass production. in 2012, the european union banned battery husbandry of chickens.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Fern leaves

Diplazium esculentum, the vegetable fern, is an edible fern found throughout asia and oceania. it is probably the most commonly consumed fern.the genus diplazium is in the family athyriaceae, in the eupolypods ii clade of the order polypodiales, in the class polypodiopsida.

Breakfast

Fish

Smoked, cooked in coconut milk

Main

Fish

Smoked, cooked in coconut milk

Main

Freshwater eels

Eels are elongated fish, ranging in length from 5 centimetres (2.0 in) to 4 metres (13 ft). adults range in weight from 30 grams to over 25 kilograms. they possess no pelvic fins, and many species also lack pectoral fins. the dorsal and anal fins are fused with the caudal or tail fin, forming a single ribbon running along much of the length of the animal. most eels live in the shallow waters of the ocean and burrow into sand, mud, or amongst rocks. a majority of eel species are nocturnal and thus are rarely seen. sometimes, they are seen living together in holes, or "eel pits". some species of eels live in deeper water on the continental shelves and over the slopes deep as 4,000 metres (13,000 ft). only members of the family anguillidae regularly inhabit fresh water, but they too return to the sea to breed.eel blood is poisonous to humans and other mammals, but both cooking and the digestive process destroy the toxic protein. the toxin derived from eel blood serum was used by charles richet in his nobel prize-winning research, in which richer discovered anaphylaxis by injecting it into dogs and observing the effect. the jewish laws of kashrut forbid the eating of eels. similarly, according to the king james version of the old testament, it is acceptable to eat fin fish, but fish like eels are an abomination and should not be eaten.japan consumes more than 70 percent of the global eel catch.

Main

Freshwater shrimp

Breakfast

Fruit

Avocado, bananas, breadfruit (ulu), carambola (star fruit), coconuts, cucumber, guava, lau lau (malayan apple), lemons, limes, longan (lychee), mangoes, mareta (pandanus fruit), oranges, pineapples, passionfruit, papaya, pomelo, rambutan, tamarind, tomato, tulip tree fruit, watermelon

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Fruit

Avocado, bananas, breadfruit (ulu), carambola (star fruit), coconuts, cucumber, guava, lau lau (malayan apple), lemons, limes, longan (lychee), mangoes, mareta (pandanus fruit), oranges, pineapples, passionfruit, papaya, pomelo, rambutan, tamarind, tomato, tulip tree fruit, watermelon

Main

Goat

Goat meat or goat's meat is the meat of the domestic goat (capra aegagrus hircus). the common name for goat meat is simply "goat", though meat from adult goats is referred to as chevon, while that from young goats can be called capretto (it.), cabrito (sp. and por.) or kid. in south asian and caribbean cuisine, mutton commonly means goat meat. in south asia, where mutton curry is popular, "mutton" is used for both goat and lamb meat. the culinary name "chevon", a blend of chèvre 'goat' and mouton 'sheep', was coined in 1922 and selected by a trade association; it was adopted by the united states department of agriculture in 1928.: 19  according to market research, consumers in the united states prefer "chevon" to "goat" "cabrito", a word of spanish and portuguese origin, refers specifically to the meat of a young, milk-fed goat. it is also known as chivo.

Main

Gourd

Main

Iguana

Iguana (, spanish: [iˈɣwana]) is a genus of herbivorous lizards that are native to tropical areas of mexico, central america, south america, and the caribbean. the genus was first described in 1768 by austrian naturalist josephus nicolaus laurenti in his book specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena. two species are placed in the genus, the green iguana, which is widespread throughout its range and a popular pet, and the lesser antillean iguana, which is native to the lesser antilles. genetic analysis indicates that the green iguana may comprise a complex of multiple species, some of which have been recently described, but the reptile database considers all of these as subspecies of the green iguana.the word "iguana" is derived from the original taino name for the species, iwana. in addition to the two species in the genus iguana, several other related genera in the same family have common names of the species including the word "iguana".the species is a popular quarry for pets, and has been widely introduced beyond its native area, into ishigaki island, florida peninsula, and hawaii.

Main

Kapalolo

Taro, banana, chicken, onions and coconut cream, wrapped and cooked in banana leaves

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Karuka

The karuka (pandanus julianettii, also called karuka nut and pandanus nut) is a species of tree in the family pandanaceae and an important regional food crop in new guinea. the nuts are more nutritious than coconuts, and are so popular that villagers in the highlands will move their entire households closer to trees for the harvest season.

Drink

Kava

Kava or kava kava (piper methysticum: latin 'pepper' and latinized greek 'intoxicating') is a crop of the pacific islands. the name kava is from tongan and marquesan, meaning 'bitter'; other names for kava include ʻawa (hawaiʻi), ʻava (samoa), yaqona or yagona (fiji), sakau (pohnpei), seka (kosrae), and malok or malogu (parts of vanuatu). kava is consumed for its sedating effects throughout the pacific ocean cultures of polynesia, including hawaii, vanuatu, melanesia, and some parts of micronesia, such as pohnpei and kosrae. the root of the plant is used to produce a drink with sedative, anesthetic, and euphoriant properties. its active ingredients are called kavalactones. a systematic review done by the british nonprofit cochrane concluded it was likely to be more effective than placebo at treating short-term anxiety.moderate consumption of kava in its traditional form, i.e., as a water-based suspension of kava roots, has been deemed to present an "acceptably low level of health risk" by the world health organization. however, consumption of kava extracts produced with organic solvents, or excessive amounts of poor-quality kava products, may be linked to an increased risk of adverse health outcomes, including potential liver injury.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Kumu

Vegetable greens

Main

Lamb

Lamb, hogget, and mutton, generically sheep meat, are the meat of domestic sheep, ovis aries. a sheep in its first year is a lamb and its meat is also lamb. the meat from sheep in their second year is hogget. older sheep meat is mutton. generally, "hogget" and "sheep meat" are not used by consumers outside norway, new zealand, south africa and australia. hogget has become more common in england, particularly in the north (lancashire and yorkshire) often in association with rare breed and organic farming. in south asian and caribbean cuisine, "mutton" often means goat meat. at various times and places, "mutton" or "goat mutton" has occasionally been used to mean goat meat.lamb is the most expensive of the three types and in recent decades sheep meat is increasingly only retailed as "lamb", sometimes stretching the accepted distinctions given above. the stronger-tasting mutton is now hard to find in many areas, despite the efforts of the mutton renaissance campaign in the uk. in australia, the term prime lamb is often used to refer to lambs raised for meat. other languages, for example french, spanish, italian and arabic, make similar or even more detailed distinctions among sheep meats by age and sometimes by sex and diet—for example, lechazo in spanish refers to meat from milk-fed (unweaned) lambs.

Dessert, Sweet

Lamington

A lamington is an australian cake made from squares of butter cake or sponge cake coated in an outer layer of chocolate sauce and rolled in desiccated coconut. the thin mixture is absorbed into the outside of the sponge cake and left to set, giving the cake a distinctive texture. a common variation has a layer of cream or strawberry jam between two lamington halves.

Drink

Lemongrass tea

Cymbopogon, also known as lemongrass, barbed wire grass, silky heads, cochin grass, malabar grass, oily heads, citronella grass or fever grass, is a genus of asian, african, australian, and tropical island plants in the grass family. some species (particularly cymbopogon citratus) are commonly cultivated as culinary and medicinal herbs because of their scent, resembling that of lemons (citrus limon). the name cymbopogon derives from the greek words kymbe (κύμβη, 'boat') and pogon (πώγων, 'beard') "which mean [that] in most species, the hairy spikelets project from boat-shaped spathes." lemongrass and its oil are believed to possess therapeutic properties.

Main

Lobster

Lobsters are a family (nephropidae, synonym homaridae) of large marine crustaceans. lobsters have long bodies with muscular tails, and live in crevices or burrows on the sea floor. three of their five pairs of legs have claws, including the first pair, which are usually much larger than the others. highly prized as seafood, lobsters are economically important, and are often one of the most profitable commodities in coastal areas they populate.commercially important species include two species of homarus (which look more like the stereotypical lobster) from the northern atlantic ocean, and scampi (which look more like a shrimp, or a "mini lobster") — the northern hemisphere genus nephrops and the southern hemisphere genus metanephrops.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Mulberry leaves

Commonly mixed with other greens and vegetables

Main

Mumu

Cooking food in an earth oven, pork, sweet potatoes, bananas, rice, vegetables, greens, coconut milk

Main

Nangu

Sago porridge, made from the spongy center of palm stems

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Nuts

A nut is a fruit consisting of a hard or tough nutshell protecting a kernel which is usually edible. in general usage and in a culinary sense, a wide variety of dry seeds are called nuts, but in a botanical context "nut" implies that the shell does not open to release the seed (indehiscent). most seeds come from fruits that naturally free themselves from the shell, but this is not the case in nuts such as hazelnuts, chestnuts, and acorns, which have hard shell walls and originate from a compound ovary. the general and original usage of the term is less restrictive, and many nuts (in the culinary sense), such as almonds, pecans, pistachios, walnuts, and brazil nuts, are not nuts in a botanical sense. common usage of the term often refers to any hard-walled, edible kernel as a nut. nuts are an energy-dense and nutrient-rich food source.

Breakfast

Pastry

Pastry is baked food made with a dough of flour, water and shortening (solid fats, including butter or lard) that may be savoury or sweetened. sweetened pastries are often described as bakers' confectionery. the word "pastries" suggests many kinds of baked products made from ingredients such as flour, sugar, milk, butter, shortening, baking powder, and eggs. small tarts and other sweet baked products are called pastries. common pastry dishes include pies, tarts, quiches, croissants, and pasties.the french word pâtisserie is also used in english (with or without the accent) for the same foods. originally, the french word pastisserie referred to anything, such as a meat pie, made in dough (paste, later pâte) and not typically a luxurious or sweet product. this meaning still persisted in the nineteenth century, though by then the term more often referred to the sweet and often ornate confections implied today. pastry can also refer to the pastry dough, from which such baked products are made. pastry dough is rolled out thinly and used as a base for baked products. pastry is differentiated from bread by having a higher fat content, which contributes to a flaky or crumbly texture. a good pastry is light and airy and fatty, but firm enough to support the weight of the filling. when making a shortcrust pastry, care must be taken to blend the fat and flour thoroughly before adding any liquid. this ensures that the flour granules are adequately coated with fat and less likely to develop gluten. on the other hand, overmixing results in long gluten strands that toughen the pastry. in other types of pastry such as danish pastry and croissants, the characteristic flaky texture is achieved by repeatedly rolling out a dough similar to that for yeast bread, spreading it with butter, and folding it to produce many thin layers.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Peanuts

The peanut (arachis hypogaea) also known as the groundnut, goober (us), pindar (us) or monkey nut (uk), is a legume crop grown mainly for its edible seeds. it is widely grown in the tropics and subtropics, being important to both small and large commercial producers. it is classified as both a grain legume and, due to its high oil content, an oil crop. world annual production of shelled peanuts was 44 million tonnes in 2016, led by china with 38% of the world total. atypically among legume crop plants, peanut pods develop underground (geocarpy) rather than above ground. with this characteristic in mind, the botanist carl linnaeus gave peanuts the specific epithet hypogaea, which means "under the earth". the peanut belongs to the botanical family fabaceae (or leguminosae), commonly known as the legume, bean, or pea family. like most other legumes, peanuts harbor symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules. the capacity to fix nitrogen means peanuts require less nitrogen-containing fertilizer and improve soil fertility, making them valuable in crop rotations. peanuts are similar in taste and nutritional profile to tree nuts such as walnuts and almonds, and, as a culinary nut, are often served in similar ways in western cuisines. the botanical definition of a nut is "a fruit whose ovary wall becomes hard at maturity". using this criterion, the peanut is not a nut. however, peanuts are usually categorized as nuts for culinary purposes and in common english more generally.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Pit pit

A type of sugar cane wherein the shoots are eaten, for example, boiled, roasted

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Plantain

Cooking bananas are banana cultivars in the genus musa whose fruits are generally used in cooking. they may be eaten ripe or unripe and are generally starchy. many cooking bananas are referred to as plantains (/ˈplæntɪn/, us: /plænˈteɪn/, uk: /ˈplɑːntɪn/) or green bananas. in botanical usage, the term "plantain" is used only for true plantains, while other starchy cultivars used for cooking are called "cooking bananas". true plantains are cultivars belonging to the aab group, while cooking bananas are any cultivars belonging to aab, aaa, abb, or bbb groups. the currently accepted scientific name for all such cultivars in these groups is musa × paradisiaca. fe'i bananas (musa × troglodytarum) from the pacific islands are often eaten roasted or boiled, and are thus informally referred to as "mountain plantains," but they do not belong to any of the species from which all modern banana cultivars are descended.cooking bananas are a major food staple in west and central africa, the caribbean islands, central america, and northern south america. members of the genus musa are indigenous to the tropical regions of southeast asia and oceania. bananas fruit all year round, making them a reliable all-season staple food.cooking bananas are treated as a starchy fruit with a relatively neutral flavor and soft texture when cooked. cooking bananas may be eaten raw, however they are most commonly prepared either fried, boiled, or processed into flour or dough.

Main

Pork

Boiled, cooked in a mumu (earth oven)

Main

Possum

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Potato

The potato is a starchy tuber of the plant solanum tuberosum and is a root vegetable native to the americas. the plant is a perennial in the nightshade family solanaceae.wild potato species can be found from the southern united states to southern chile. the potato was originally believed to have been domesticated by native americans independently in multiple locations, but later genetic studies traced a single origin, in the area of present-day southern peru and extreme northwestern bolivia. potatoes were domesticated there approximately 7,000–10,000 years ago, from a species in the solanum brevicaule complex. in the andes region of south america, where the species is indigenous, some close relatives of the potato are cultivated. potatoes were introduced to europe from the americas in the second half of the 16th century by the spanish. today they are a staple food in many parts of the world and an integral part of much of the world's food supply. as of 2014, potatoes were the world's fourth-largest food crop after maize (corn), wheat, and rice. following millennia of selective breeding, there are now over 5,000 different types of potatoes. over 99% of potatoes presently cultivated worldwide descended from varieties that originated in the lowlands of south-central chile. the importance of the potato as a food source and culinary ingredient varies by region and is still changing. it remains an essential crop in europe, especially northern and eastern europe, where per capita production is still the highest in the world, while the most rapid expansion in production over the past few decades has occurred in southern and eastern asia, with china and india leading the world in overall production as of 2018. like the tomato, the potato is a nightshade in the genus solanum, and the vegetative and fruiting parts of the potato contain the toxin solanine which is dangerous for human consumption. normal potato tubers that have been grown and stored properly produce glycoalkaloids in amounts small enough to be negligible to human health, but, if green sections of the plant (namely sprouts and skins) are exposed to light, the tuber can accumulate a high enough concentration of glycoalkaloids to affect human health.

Main

Prawn

Prawn is a common name for small aquatic crustaceans with an exoskeleton and ten legs (which is a member of the order decapoda), some of which can be eaten.the term "prawn" is used particularly in the united kingdom, ireland, and commonwealth nations, for large swimming crustaceans or shrimp, especially those with commercial significance in the fishing industry. shrimp that are present in this category often belong to the suborder dendrobranchiata. in north america, the term is used less frequently, typically for freshwater shrimp. the terms shrimp and prawn themselves lack scientific standing. over the years, the way they are used has changed, and in contemporary usage the terms are almost interchangeable.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Pumpkin

A pumpkin is a cultivar of winter squash that is round with smooth, slightly ribbed skin, and is most often deep yellow to orange in coloration. the thick shell contains the seeds and pulp. the name is most commonly used for cultivars of cucurbita pepo, but some cultivars of cucurbita maxima, c. argyrosperma, and c. moschata with similar appearance are also sometimes called "pumpkins".native to north america (northeastern mexico and the southern united states), pumpkins are one of the oldest domesticated plants, having been used as early as 7,000 to 5,500 bc. pumpkins are widely grown for food, as well as for aesthetic and recreational purposes. pumpkin pie, for instance, is a traditional part of thanksgiving meals in canada and the united states, and pumpkins are frequently carved as jack-o'-lanterns for decoration around halloween, although commercially canned pumpkin purée and pumpkin pie fillings are usually made from varieties of winter squash different from the ones used for jack-o'-lanterns.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Pumpkin leaves

Boiled

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Rice

Rice is the seed of the grass species oryza sativa (asian rice) or less commonly oryza glaberrima (african rice). the name wild rice is usually used for species of the genera zizania and porteresia, both wild and domesticated, although the term may also be used for primitive or uncultivated varieties of oryza. as a cereal grain, domesticated rice is the most widely consumed staple food for over half of the world's human population, especially in asia and africa. it is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production, after sugarcane and maize. since sizable portions of sugarcane and maize crops are used for purposes other than human consumption, rice is the most important food crop with regard to human nutrition and caloric intake, providing more than one-fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by humans. there are many varieties of rice and culinary preferences tend to vary regionally. the traditional method for cultivating rice is flooding the fields while, or after, setting the young seedlings. this simple method requires sound irrigation planning but reduces the growth of less robust weed and pest plants that have no submerged growth state, and deters vermin. while flooding is not mandatory for the cultivation of rice, all other methods of irrigation require higher effort in weed and pest control during growth periods and a different approach for fertilizing the soil. rice, a monocot, is normally grown as an annual plant, although in tropical areas it can survive as a perennial and can produce a ratoon crop for up to 30 years. rice cultivation is well-suited to countries and regions with low labor costs and high rainfall, as it is labor-intensive to cultivate and requires ample water. however, rice can be grown practically anywhere, even on a steep hill or mountain area with the use of water-controlling terrace systems. although its parent species are native to asia and certain parts of africa, centuries of trade and exportation have made it commonplace in many cultures worldwide. production and consumption of rice is estimated to have been responsible for 4% of global greenhouse gas emissions in 2010.

Breakfast

Rice

Rice is the seed of the grass species oryza sativa (asian rice) or less commonly oryza glaberrima (african rice). the name wild rice is usually used for species of the genera zizania and porteresia, both wild and domesticated, although the term may also be used for primitive or uncultivated varieties of oryza. as a cereal grain, domesticated rice is the most widely consumed staple food for over half of the world's human population, especially in asia and africa. it is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production, after sugarcane and maize. since sizable portions of sugarcane and maize crops are used for purposes other than human consumption, rice is the most important food crop with regard to human nutrition and caloric intake, providing more than one-fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by humans. there are many varieties of rice and culinary preferences tend to vary regionally. the traditional method for cultivating rice is flooding the fields while, or after, setting the young seedlings. this simple method requires sound irrigation planning but reduces the growth of less robust weed and pest plants that have no submerged growth state, and deters vermin. while flooding is not mandatory for the cultivation of rice, all other methods of irrigation require higher effort in weed and pest control during growth periods and a different approach for fertilizing the soil. rice, a monocot, is normally grown as an annual plant, although in tropical areas it can survive as a perennial and can produce a ratoon crop for up to 30 years. rice cultivation is well-suited to countries and regions with low labor costs and high rainfall, as it is labor-intensive to cultivate and requires ample water. however, rice can be grown practically anywhere, even on a steep hill or mountain area with the use of water-controlling terrace systems. although its parent species are native to asia and certain parts of africa, centuries of trade and exportation have made it commonplace in many cultures worldwide. production and consumption of rice is estimated to have been responsible for 4% of global greenhouse gas emissions in 2010.

Main

Rice mixed with canned beef

Main

Rice mixed with canned chicken

Main

Rice mixed with canned fish

Breakfast

Root vegetables

Root vegetables are underground plant parts eaten by humans as food. although botany distinguishes true roots (such as taproots and tuberous roots) from non-roots (such as bulbs, corms, rhizomes, and tubers, although some contain both hypocotyl and taproot tissue), the term "root vegetable" is applied to all these types in agricultural and culinary usage (see terminology).root vegetables are generally storage organs, enlarged to store energy in the form of carbohydrates. they differ in the concentration and the balance among starches, sugars, and other types of carbohydrate. of particular economic importance are those with a high carbohydrate concentration in the form of starch; starchy root vegetables are important staple foods, particularly in tropical regions, overshadowing cereals throughout much of central africa, west africa and oceania, where they are used directly or mashed to make foods such as fufu or poi. many root vegetables keep well in root cellars, lasting several months. this is one way of storing food for use long after harvest, which is especially important in nontropical latitudes, where winter is traditionally a time of little to no harvesting. there are also season extension methods that can extend the harvest throughout the winter, mostly through the use of polytunnels.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Sago

Sago () is a starch extracted from the pith, or spongy core tissue, of various tropical palm stems, especially those of metroxylon sagu. it is a major staple food for the lowland peoples of new guinea and the maluku islands, where it is called saksak, rabia and sagu. the largest supply of sago comes from southeast asia, particularly indonesia and malaysia. large quantities of sago are sent to europe and north america for cooking purposes. it is traditionally cooked and eaten in various forms, such as rolled into balls, mixed with boiling water to form a glue-like paste (papeda), or as a pancake. sago is often produced commercially in the form of "pearls" (small rounded starch aggregates, partly gelatinized by heating). sago pearls can be boiled with water or milk and sugar to make a sweet sago pudding. sago pearls are similar in appearance to the pearled starches of other origin, e.g. cassava starch (tapioca) and potato starch. they may be used interchangeably in some dishes, and tapioca pearls are often marketed as "sago", since they are much cheaper to produce. compared to tapioca pearls, real sago pearls are off-white, uneven in size, brittle and cook very quickly.the name sago is also sometimes used for starch extracted from other sources, especially the sago cycad, cycas revoluta. the sago cycad is also commonly known as the sago palm, although this is a misnomer as cycads are not palms. extracting edible starch from the sago cycad requires special care due to the poisonous nature of cycads. cycad sago is used for many of the same purposes as palm sago. the fruit of palm trees from which the sago is produced is not allowed to ripen fully. the full ripening completes the life cycle of the tree and exhausts the starch reserves in the trunk to produce the seeds. it leaves a hollow shell and causes the tree to die. the palms are cut down when they are about 15 years old, just before or shortly after the inflorescence appears. the stems, which grow 10 to 15 metres (35 to 50 feet) high, are split out. the starch-containing pith is taken from the stems and ground to powder. the powder is kneaded in water over a cloth or sieve to release the starch. the water with the starch passes into a trough where the starch settles. after a few washings, the starch is ready to be used in cooking. a single palm yields about 360 kilograms (800 pounds) of dry starch.

Breakfast

Sago

Sago () is a starch extracted from the pith, or spongy core tissue, of various tropical palm stems, especially those of metroxylon sagu. it is a major staple food for the lowland peoples of new guinea and the maluku islands, where it is called saksak, rabia and sagu. the largest supply of sago comes from southeast asia, particularly indonesia and malaysia. large quantities of sago are sent to europe and north america for cooking purposes. it is traditionally cooked and eaten in various forms, such as rolled into balls, mixed with boiling water to form a glue-like paste (papeda), or as a pancake. sago is often produced commercially in the form of "pearls" (small rounded starch aggregates, partly gelatinized by heating). sago pearls can be boiled with water or milk and sugar to make a sweet sago pudding. sago pearls are similar in appearance to the pearled starches of other origin, e.g. cassava starch (tapioca) and potato starch. they may be used interchangeably in some dishes, and tapioca pearls are often marketed as "sago", since they are much cheaper to produce. compared to tapioca pearls, real sago pearls are off-white, uneven in size, brittle and cook very quickly.the name sago is also sometimes used for starch extracted from other sources, especially the sago cycad, cycas revoluta. the sago cycad is also commonly known as the sago palm, although this is a misnomer as cycads are not palms. extracting edible starch from the sago cycad requires special care due to the poisonous nature of cycads. cycad sago is used for many of the same purposes as palm sago. the fruit of palm trees from which the sago is produced is not allowed to ripen fully. the full ripening completes the life cycle of the tree and exhausts the starch reserves in the trunk to produce the seeds. it leaves a hollow shell and causes the tree to die. the palms are cut down when they are about 15 years old, just before or shortly after the inflorescence appears. the stems, which grow 10 to 15 metres (35 to 50 feet) high, are split out. the starch-containing pith is taken from the stems and ground to powder. the powder is kneaded in water over a cloth or sieve to release the starch. the water with the starch passes into a trough where the starch settles. after a few washings, the starch is ready to be used in cooking. a single palm yields about 360 kilograms (800 pounds) of dry starch.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Sago bread

Made from sago flour, serve with coconut milk

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Sago grubs

The palm weevil rhynchophorus ferrugineus is one of two species of snout beetle known as the red palm weevil, asian palm weevil or sago palm weevil. the adult beetles are relatively large, ranging between 2 and 4 centimetres (1 and 1+1⁄2 inches) long, and are usually a rusty red colour—but many colour variants exist and have often been classified as different species (e.g., rhynchophorus vulneratus). weevil larvae can excavate holes in the trunks of palm trees up to 1 metre (3.3 ft) long, thereby weakening and eventually killing the host plant. as a result, the weevil is considered a major pest in palm plantations, including the coconut palm, date palm and oil palm.originally from tropical asia, the red palm weevil has spread to africa and europe, reaching the mediterranean in the 1980s. it was first recorded in spain in 1994, and in france in 2006. additional infestations have been located in malta, italy (tuscany, sicily, campania, sardinia, lazio, marche, puglia and liguria), croatia and montenegro. it is also well established throughout most of portugal, especially in the south. it also has established in morocco, tunisia, and other north african countries. the weevil was first reported in the americas on curaçao in january 2009 and sighted the same year in aruba. it was reported in the united states at laguna beach, california late in 2010 but this was a misidentification of the closely related species, rhynchophorus vulneratus, and it did not become established.larvae of rhynchophorus ferrugineus are considered a delicacy in southeast asian cuisine. in some regions, however, larvae farming is strictly prohibited to prevent the potential devastation of plantation crops.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Sago mushrooms

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Sago pancakes

Pancakes made using starch flour from the sago palm by country

Dessert, Sweet

Sago pudding

Sago pudding is a sweet pudding made by combining sago pearls with either water or milk and adding sugar and sometimes additional flavourings. it is made in many cultures with varying styles, and may be produced in a variety of ways. southeast asia, especially indonesia and malaysia, produces the majority of sago. in malaysia, sago gula melaka is a sago pudding made by boiling pearl sago in water and serving it with syrup of palm sugar (gula melaka) and coconut milk.sago pudding is also a popular delicacy in new guinea. in the uk, "sago pudding" is generally made by boiling pearl sago and sugar in milk until the sago pearls become clear, and thickening it with eggs or cornflour. depending on the proportions used it can range from a runny consistency to fairly thick, and can be similar to tapioca pudding or rice pudding. in the uk "sago pudding" is often referred to as "frog spawn" as it is made using pearl sago. tapioca pudding is similar in that it too can be made using pearl tapioca – it can also be called "frog spawn" but is generally made using flake tapioca in the north which results in a finer, more grainy, consistency. it is mentioned in passing in season one, episode four of jeeves and wooster.

Dessert, Sweet

Saksak

Sweet sago and banana dumplings steamed in banana leaves and served in coconut milk

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Scones

A scone is a baked good, usually made of either wheat or oatmeal with baking powder as a leavening agent, and baked on sheet pans. a scone is often slightly sweetened and occasionally glazed with egg wash. the scone is a basic component of the cream tea. it differs from teacakes and other types of sweets that are made with yeast. scones were chosen as the republic of ireland representative for café europe during the austrian presidency of the european union in 2006, while the united kingdom chose shortbread.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Screw pine fruit

Pandanus is a genus of monocots with some 750 accepted species. they are palm-like, dioecious trees and shrubs native to the old world tropics and subtropics. the greatest number of species are found in madagascar and malaysia. common names include pandan, screw palm, and screw pine. they are classified in the order pandanales, family pandanaceae.

Main

Seafood

Seafood is any form of sea life regarded as food by humans, prominently including fish and shellfish. shellfish include various species of molluscs (e.g. bivalve molluscs such as clams, oysters and mussels, and cephalopods such as octopus and squid), crustaceans (e.g. shrimp, crabs, and lobster), and echinoderms (e.g. sea cucumbers and sea urchins). historically, marine mammals such as cetaceans (whales and dolphins) as well as seals have been eaten as food, though that happens to a lesser extent in modern times. edible sea plants such as some seaweeds and microalgae are widely eaten as sea vegetables around the world, especially in asia. seafood is an important source of (animal) protein in many diets around the world, especially in coastal areas. semi-vegetarians who consume seafood as the only source of meat are said to adhere to pescetarianism. the harvesting of wild seafood is usually known as fishing or hunting, while the cultivation and farming of seafood is known as aquaculture and fish farming (in the case of fish). most of the seafood harvest is consumed by humans, but a significant proportion is used as fish food to farm other fish or rear farm animals. some seafoods (i.e. kelp) are used as food for other plants (a fertilizer). in these ways, seafoods are used to produce further food for human consumption. also, products such as fish oil and spirulina tablets are extracted from seafoods. some seafood is fed to aquarium fish, or used to feed domestic pets such as cats. a small proportion is used in medicine, or is used industrially for nonfood purposes (e.g. leather).

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Sheep

Sheep or domestic sheep (ovis aries) are domesticated, ruminant mammals typically kept as livestock. although the term sheep can apply to other species in the genus ovis, in everyday usage it almost always refers to ovis aries. like all ruminants, sheep are members of the order artiodactyla, the even-toed ungulates. numbering a little over one billion, domestic sheep are also the most numerous species of sheep. an adult female is referred to as a ewe (), an intact male as a ram, occasionally a tup, a castrated male as a wether, and a young sheep as a lamb. sheep are most likely descended from the wild mouflon of europe and asia, with iran being a geographic envelope of the domestication center. one of the earliest animals to be domesticated for agricultural purposes, sheep are raised for fleeces, meat (lamb, hogget or mutton) and milk. a sheep's wool is the most widely used animal fiber, and is usually harvested by shearing. ovine meat is called lamb when from younger animals and mutton when from older ones in commonwealth countries, and lamb in the united states (including from adults). sheep continue to be important for wool and meat today, and are also occasionally raised for pelts, as dairy animals, or as model organisms for science. sheep husbandry is practised throughout the majority of the inhabited world, and has been fundamental to many civilizations. in the modern era, australia, new zealand, the southern and central south american nations, and the british isles are most closely associated with sheep production. there is a large lexicon of unique terms for sheep husbandry which vary considerably by region and dialect. use of the word sheep began in middle english as a derivation of the old english word scēap; it is both the singular and plural name for the animal. a group of sheep is called a flock. many other specific terms for the various life stages of sheep exist, generally related to lambing, shearing, and age. being a key animal in the history of farming, sheep have a deeply entrenched place in human culture, and find representation in much modern language and symbology. as livestock, sheep are most often associated with pastoral, arcadian imagery. sheep figure in many mythologies—such as the golden fleece—and major religions, especially the abrahamic traditions. in both ancient and modern religious ritual, sheep are used as sacrificial animals.

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Shellfish

Shellfish is a colloquial and fisheries term for exoskeleton-bearing aquatic invertebrates used as food, including various species of molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms. although most kinds of shellfish are harvested from saltwater environments, some are found in freshwater. in addition, a few species of land crabs are eaten, for example cardisoma guanhumi in the caribbean. shellfish are among the most common food allergens.despite the name, shellfish are not fish. most shellfish are low on the food chain and eat a diet composed primarily of phytoplankton and zooplankton. many varieties of shellfish, and crustaceans in particular, are actually closely related to insects and arachnids; crustaceans make up one of the main subphyla of the phylum arthropoda. molluscs include cephalopods (squids, octopuses, cuttlefish) and bivalves (clams, oysters), as well as gastropods (aquatic species such as whelks and winkles; land species such as snails and slugs). molluscs used as a food source by humans include many species of clams, mussels, oysters, winkles, and scallops. some crustaceans that are commonly eaten are shrimp, lobsters, crayfish, crabs and barnacles. echinoderms are not as frequently harvested for food as molluscs and crustaceans; however, sea urchin roe is quite popular in many parts of the world, where the live delicacy is harder to transport.though some shellfish harvesting has been unsustainable, and shrimp farming has been destructive in some parts of the world, shellfish farming can be important to environmental restoration, by developing reefs, filtering water and eating biomass.

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Snake

Snakes are elongated, limbless, carnivorous reptiles of the suborder serpentes . like all other squamates, snakes are ectothermic, amniote vertebrates covered in overlapping scales. many species of snakes have skulls with several more joints than their lizard ancestors, enabling them to swallow prey much larger than their heads (cranial kinesis). to accommodate their narrow bodies, snakes' paired organs (such as kidneys) appear one in front of the other instead of side by side, and most have only one functional lung. some species retain a pelvic girdle with a pair of vestigial claws on either side of the cloaca. lizards have evolved elongate bodies without limbs or with greatly reduced limbs about twenty-five times independently via convergent evolution, leading to many lineages of legless lizards. these resemble snakes, but several common groups of legless lizards have eyelids and external ears, which snakes lack, although this rule is not universal (see amphisbaenia, dibamidae, and pygopodidae). living snakes are found on every continent except antarctica, and on most smaller land masses; exceptions include some large islands, such as ireland, iceland, greenland, the hawaiian archipelago, and the islands of new zealand, as well as many small islands of the atlantic and central pacific oceans. additionally, sea snakes are widespread throughout the indian and pacific oceans. more than twenty families are currently recognized, comprising about 520 genera and about 3,900 species. they range in size from the tiny, 10.4 cm-long (4.1 in) barbados threadsnake to the reticulated python of 6.95 meters (22.8 ft) in length. the fossil species titanoboa cerrejonensis was 12.8 meters (42 ft) long. snakes are thought to have evolved from either burrowing or aquatic lizards, perhaps during the jurassic period, with the earliest known fossils dating to between 143 and 167 ma ago. the diversity of modern snakes appeared during the paleocene epoch (c. 66 to 56 ma ago, after the cretaceous–paleogene extinction event). the oldest preserved descriptions of snakes can be found in the brooklyn papyrus. most species of snake are nonvenomous and those that have venom use it primarily to kill and subdue prey rather than for self-defense. some possess venom that is potent enough to cause painful injury or death to humans. nonvenomous snakes either swallow prey alive or kill by constriction.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Snake beans

The asparagus bean (vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis) is a legume cultivated for its edible green pods containing immature seeds, like the green bean. it is also known as: yardlong bean, pea bean, long-podded cowpea, chinese long bean, snake bean, bodi, and bora. despite the common name of "yardlong", the pods are actually only about half a yard long, so the subspecies name sesquipedalis (one-and-a-half-foot-long; 1.5 feet (0.50 yd)) is a more accurate approximation. a variety of the cowpea, the asparagus bean is grown primarily for its strikingly long (35 to 75 centimetres (1.15 to 2.46 ft)) immature green pods and has uses very similar to those of the green bean. this plant is in a different genus from the common bean. the many varieties are usually distinguished by the different colors of the mature seeds. it is a vigorous climbing annual vine. the plant is subtropical/tropical and most widely grown in the warmer parts of south asia, southeast asia, and southern china.

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Spiny lobster

Spiny lobsters, also known as langustas, langouste, or rock lobsters, are a family (palinuridae) of about 60 species of achelate crustaceans, in the decapoda reptantia. spiny lobsters are also, especially in australia, new zealand, ireland, south africa, and the bahamas, called crayfish, sea crayfish, or crawfish ("kreef" in south africa), terms which elsewhere are reserved for freshwater crayfish.

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Starchy vegetables

Cassava, sweet potato (kaukau)

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Sugarcane juice

Sugarcane juice is the liquid extracted from pressed sugarcane. it is consumed as a beverage in many places, especially where sugarcane is commercially grown, such as southeast asia, the indian subcontinent, north africa, and latin america. sugarcane juice is obtained by crushing peeled sugar cane in a mill and is one of the main precursors of rum. in the united states where processed sugarcane syrup is used as a sweetener in food and beverage manufacturing, "evaporated cane juice" is considered by the food and drug administration (fda) to be a misleading term for "sugar" on product labels because the fda regards "juice" as a liquid derived from fruits or vegetables; the preferred term is "cane sugar".

Breakfast

Sweet potato

The sweet potato or sweetpotato (ipomoea batatas) is a dicotyledonous plant that belongs to the bindweed or morning glory family, convolvulaceae. its large, starchy, sweet-tasting tuberous roots are used as a root vegetable. the young shoots and leaves are sometimes eaten as greens. cultivars of the sweet potato have been bred to bear tubers with flesh and skin of various colors. sweet potato is only distantly related to the common potato (solanum tuberosum), both being in the order solanales. although darker sweet potatoes are often referred to as "yams" in parts of north america, the species is not a true yam, which are monocots in the order dioscoreales.sweet potato is native to the tropical regions of the americas. of the approximately 50 genera and more than 1,000 species of convolvulaceae, i. batatas is the only crop plant of major importance—some others are used locally (e.g., i. aquatica "kangkong"), but many are poisonous. the genus ipomoea that contains the sweet potato also includes several garden flowers called morning glories, though that term is not usually extended to i. batatas. some cultivars of i. batatas are grown as ornamental plants under the name tuberous morning glory, and used in a horticultural context.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Sweet potato

The sweet potato or sweetpotato (ipomoea batatas) is a dicotyledonous plant that belongs to the bindweed or morning glory family, convolvulaceae. its large, starchy, sweet-tasting tuberous roots are used as a root vegetable. the young shoots and leaves are sometimes eaten as greens. cultivars of the sweet potato have been bred to bear tubers with flesh and skin of various colors. sweet potato is only distantly related to the common potato (solanum tuberosum), both being in the order solanales. although darker sweet potatoes are often referred to as "yams" in parts of north america, the species is not a true yam, which are monocots in the order dioscoreales.sweet potato is native to the tropical regions of the americas. of the approximately 50 genera and more than 1,000 species of convolvulaceae, i. batatas is the only crop plant of major importance—some others are used locally (e.g., i. aquatica "kangkong"), but many are poisonous. the genus ipomoea that contains the sweet potato also includes several garden flowers called morning glories, though that term is not usually extended to i. batatas. some cultivars of i. batatas are grown as ornamental plants under the name tuberous morning glory, and used in a horticultural context.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Sweet potato leaves

Boiled sweet potato greens

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Tapioca

Tapioca (; portuguese: [tapiˈɔkɐ]) is a starch extracted from the storage roots of the cassava plant (manihot esculenta, also known as manioc), a species native to the north and northeast regions of brazil, but whose use is now spread throughout south america. it is a perennial shrub adapted to the hot conditions of tropical lowlands. cassava copes better with poor soils than many other food plants. tapioca is a staple food for millions of people in tropical countries. it provides only carbohydrate food value, and is low in protein, vitamins and minerals. in other countries, it is used as a thickening agent in various manufactured foods.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Taro

Colocasia esculenta is a tropical plant grown primarily for its edible corms, a root vegetable most commonly known as taro (), among many other names (see § names and etymology below). it is the most widely cultivated species of several plants in the family araceae that are used as vegetables for their corms, leaves, and petioles. taro corms are a food staple in african, oceanic, and south asian cultures (similar to yams), and taro is believed to have been one of the earliest cultivated plants.

Drink

Tea

Tea is an aromatic beverage prepared by pouring hot or boiling water over cured or fresh leaves of camellia sinensis, an evergreen shrub native to china, india and other east asian countries. tea is also rarely made from the leaves of camellia taliensis. after water, it is the most widely consumed drink in the world. there are many different types of tea; some have a cooling, slightly bitter, and astringent flavour, while others have vastly different profiles that include sweet, nutty, floral, or grassy notes. tea has a stimulating effect in humans primarily due to its caffeine content.tea plants are native to east asia and probably originated in the borderlands of southwestern china and northern burma. an early credible record of tea drinking dates to the third century ad, in a medical text written by hua tuo. it was popularised as a recreational drink during the chinese tang dynasty, and tea drinking subsequently spread to other east asian countries. portuguese priests and merchants introduced it to europe during the 16th century. during the 17th century, drinking tea became fashionable among the english, who started to plant tea on a large scale in india. the term herbal tea refers to drinks not made from camellia sinensis. they are the infusions of fruit, leaves, or other plant parts, such as steeps of rosehip, chamomile, or rooibos. these may be called tisanes or herbal infusions to prevent confusion with tea made from the tea plant.

Breakfast

Tea

Tea is an aromatic beverage prepared by pouring hot or boiling water over cured or fresh leaves of camellia sinensis, an evergreen shrub native to china, india and other east asian countries. tea is also rarely made from the leaves of camellia taliensis. after water, it is the most widely consumed drink in the world. there are many different types of tea; some have a cooling, slightly bitter, and astringent flavour, while others have vastly different profiles that include sweet, nutty, floral, or grassy notes. tea has a stimulating effect in humans primarily due to its caffeine content.tea plants are native to east asia and probably originated in the borderlands of southwestern china and northern burma. an early credible record of tea drinking dates to the third century ad, in a medical text written by hua tuo. it was popularised as a recreational drink during the chinese tang dynasty, and tea drinking subsequently spread to other east asian countries. portuguese priests and merchants introduced it to europe during the 16th century. during the 17th century, drinking tea became fashionable among the english, who started to plant tea on a large scale in india. the term herbal tea refers to drinks not made from camellia sinensis. they are the infusions of fruit, leaves, or other plant parts, such as steeps of rosehip, chamomile, or rooibos. these may be called tisanes or herbal infusions to prevent confusion with tea made from the tea plant.

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Turtle

Turtles are an order of reptiles known as testudines, characterized by a shell developed mainly from their ribs. modern turtles are divided into two major groups, the side-necked turtles and hidden neck turtles, which differ in the way the head retracts. there are 360 living and recently extinct species of turtles, including land-dwelling tortoises and freshwater terrapins. they are found on most continents, some islands and, in the case of sea turtles, much of the ocean. like other reptiles, birds, and mammals, they breathe air and do not lay eggs underwater, although many species live in or around water. genetic evidence typically places them in close relation to crocodilians and birds. turtle shells are made mostly of bone; the upper part is the domed carapace, while the underside is the flatter plastron or belly-plate. its outer surface is covered in scales made of keratin, the material of hair, horns, and claws. the carapace bones develop from ribs that grow sideways and develop into broad flat plates that join up to cover the body. turtles are ectotherms or "cold-blooded", meaning that their internal temperature varies with their direct environment. they are generally opportunistic omnivores and mainly feed on plants and animals with limited movements. many turtles migrate short distances seasonally. sea turtles are the only reptiles that migrate long distances to lay their eggs on a favored beach. turtles have appeared in myths and folktales around the world. some terrestrial and freshwater species are widely kept as pets. turtles have been hunted for their meat, for use in traditional medicine, and for their shells. sea turtles are often killed accidentally as bycatch in fishing nets. turtle habitats around the world are being destroyed. as a result of these pressures, many species are threatened with extinction.

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Vegetables in coconut milk

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Wallaby

A wallaby () is a small or middle-sized macropod native to australia and new guinea, with introduced populations in new zealand, hawaii, the united kingdom and other countries. they belong to the same taxonomic family as kangaroos and sometimes the same genus, but kangaroos are specifically categorised into the four largest species of the family. the term "wallaby" is an informal designation generally used for any macropod that is smaller than a kangaroo or a wallaroo that has not been designated otherwise. there are nine species (eight extant and one extinct) of the brush wallaby (genus notamacropus). their head and body length is 45 to 105 cm (18 to 41 in) and the tail is 33 to 75 cm (13 to 30 in) long. the 19 known species of rock-wallabies (genus petrogale) live among rocks, usually near water; two species in this genus are endangered. the two living species of hare-wallabies (genus lagorchestes; two other species in this genus are extinct) are small animals that have the movements and some of the habits of hares. the three species (two extant and one extinct) of nail-tail wallabies (genus onychogalea) have one notable feature: a horny spur at the tip of the tail; its function is unknown. the seven species of pademelons or scrub wallabies (genus thylogale) of new guinea, the bismarck archipelago, and tasmania are small and stocky, with short hind limbs and pointed noses. the swamp wallaby (genus wallabia) is the only species in its genus. another wallaby that is monotypic is the quokka or short-tailed scrub wallaby (genus setonix); this species is now restricted to two offshore islands of western australia which are free of introduced predators. the seven species of dorcopsises or forest wallabies (genera dorcopsis (four species, with a fifth as yet undescribed) and dorcopsulus (two species)) are all native to the island of new guinea. one of the brush wallaby species, the dwarf wallaby (notamacropus dorcopsulus), also native to new guinea, is the smallest known wallaby species and one of the smallest known macropods. its length is about 46 cm (18 in) from the nose to the end of the tail, and it weighs about 1.6 kg (3.5 lb).wallabies are hunted for meat and fur.

Side, Snack, Appetizer

Yam

Yam is the common name for some plant species in the genus dioscorea (family dioscoreaceae) that form edible tubers. yams are perennial herbaceous vines cultivated for the consumption of their starchy tubers in many temperate and tropical regions, especially in west africa, south america and the caribbean, asia, and oceania. the tubers themselves, also called "yams", come in a variety of forms owing to numerous cultivars and related species.yams were independently domesticated on three different continents: africa (dioscorea rotundata), asia (dioscorea alata), and the americas (dioscorea trifida).